The Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most devastating pest of citrus in Mexico. Knowledge of the genetic relationships and structure of Mexican A. ludens populations is limited. The aim of this research was to characterize the genetic variability and structure of the Mexican fruit fly by using AFLP markers (three EcoRI/MseI primer combinations). The specimens were collected from three hosts, namely, Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex [white sapote], Casimiroa greggii (S. Watson) F. Chiang [yellow chapote], and Citrus X paradisi (Macfad.) [grapefruit], at four locations in the states of Veracruz (Teocelo and Jalapa), Nuevo Leon (El Jarro), and Tamaulipas (Troncones) in Mexico. A high polymorphism percentage (80.4%) allowed the differentiation of individuals from different A. ludens populations, and high intraspecies genetic variability (DI = 78.4%) was detected. The A. ludens populations clustered into two groups: group one included flies from Veracruz [grapefruit, Jalapa] and Nuevo Leon [yellow chapote, El Jarro], and group two included populations from Tamaulipas [yellow chapote, Troncones] and Veracruz [white sapote, Teocelo]. The populations from group one were from locations at lower altitudes (750 m above sea level), which had warmer (22 °C average temperature) and more humid (1470 mm of annual precipitation) climatic conditions than those of group two (1600 m, 18 °C and 965 mm). Both population structure and very high genetic differentiation (FST > 0.38) associated with geographical and/or host origin were found in A. ludens from Mexico. The genetic differentiation in Mexican A. ludens populations suggests reduced gene flow and reproductive isolation resulting either from habitat fragmentation and genetic drift or from natural selection for specific environmental (climate, geography, pest management strategies) or host (chemistry, phenology) condition. Genetic analysis could increase the success of Anastrepha control programs by improving knowledge of host-parasitoid population genetics, allowing matching of parasitoid species to their preferred pest populations.

中文翻译：

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墨西哥按实蝇（双翅目：实蝇科）种群的变异性和遗传结构

墨西哥果蝇 Anastrepha ludens (Loew)（双翅目：实蝇科）是墨西哥最具破坏性的柑橘害虫。对墨西哥 A. ludens 种群的遗传关系和结构的了解是有限的。本研究的目的是通过使用 AFLP 标记（三种 EcoRI/MseI 引物组合）来表征墨西哥果蝇的遗传变异性和结构。标本采集自三个寄主，即 Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex [white sapote]、Casimiroa greggii (S. Watson) F. Chiang [yellow chapote] 和 Citrus X paradisi (Macfad.) [葡萄柚]，在 4位于墨西哥的韦拉克鲁斯州（Teocelo 和 Jalapa）、新莱昂州（El Jarro）和塔毛利帕斯州（Troncones）。高多态性百分比 (80.4%) 允许区分来自不同 A. ludens 种群的个体，并且检测到高种内遗传变异性（DI = 78.4%）。A. ludens 种群分为两组：第一组包括来自韦拉克鲁斯 [葡萄柚，Jalapa] 和新莱昂 [黄色沙波特，El Jarro] 的苍蝇，第二组包括来自塔毛利帕斯 [黄色沙波特，Troncones] 和韦拉克鲁斯 [白色沙波特]的苍蝇, Teocelo]。第一组的种群来自海拔较低的地区（海拔 750 m），与第二组（1600 m，平均气温 22 °C）和潮湿（年降水量 1470 mm）气候条件相比，这些地区的气候条件更温暖（平均气温为 22 °C）和更潮湿（年降水量 1470 mm， 18 °C 和 965 毫米）。在墨西哥的 A. ludens 中发现了与地理和/或宿主起源相关的种群结构和非常高的遗传分化 (FST > 0.38)。墨西哥 A 的遗传分化。ludens 种群表明，栖息地破碎化和遗传漂变或特定环境（气候、地理、害虫管理策略）或寄主（化学、物候）条件的自然选择导致基因流动和生殖隔离减少。遗传分析可以通过提高对寄主-寄生物种群遗传学的了解，使寄生物物种与其首选害虫种群相匹配，从而提高按实蝇控制计划的成功率。