Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most common heavy metal contaminants in the environment. Cd pollution adversely affects the plant growth and development. Datura stramonium L. plants, as an experimental model, were investigated for the soil Cd pollution effects on the perianth and anther formation development. The soil was contaminated by cadmium chloride in different rates (0 and 225 mg kg−1) and placed in the experimental pots (4 kg soil/pot). The tiny blossoms and buds, in different developmental stages, were removed, fixed in FAA70, stored in 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin and sliced at 7 µm with a microtome. Different staining methods including haematoxylin–eosine and Alexander’s stain were used. The developmental stages of reproductive organs were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that Cd can cause some abnormalities during the developmental process of pollens and ovule. Under Cd treatment, some changes were observed in a tapetum layer. In Cd-treated group, fragility, vacuolization and size of pollen grains were increased in comparison with control. A decrease in the bioavailability of pollen and degeneration of embryo sac cells were the results of Cd that Cd is capable of inducing chromosomal aberrations. Abnormalities in male organs were more than in female ones. This study showed the range of disturbances in floral structures and provides a good set of features to determine Cd-contaminated stress tolerance.

中文翻译：

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镉对曼陀罗花被和花药形成的影响。

镉 (Cd) 是环境中最常见的重金属污染物之一。Cd污染对植物生长发育产生不利影响。以曼陀罗植物为实验模型，研究了土壤镉污染对花被和花药形成发育的影响。土壤被不同比例的氯化镉污染（0 和 225 mg kg-1）并放置在实验盆中（4 kg 土壤/盆）。将处于不同发育阶段的微小花朵和芽取出，固定在 FAA70 中，储存在 70% 乙醇中，包埋在石蜡中，用切片机切成 7 µm。使用了不同的染色方法，包括苏木精-伊红染色和亚历山大染色。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜检查生殖器官的发育阶段。结果表明，Cd在花粉和胚珠的发育过程中会引起一些异常。在镉处理下，绒毡层出现了一些变化。与对照组相比，镉处理组花粉粒的脆性、空泡化和大小均增加。花粉生物利用度的降低和胚囊细胞的退化是镉的结果，镉能够诱导染色体畸变。男性器官异常多于女性。该研究显示了花卉结构中的干扰范围，并提供了一组良好的特征来确定受 Cd 污染的胁迫耐受性。与对照相比，花粉粒的空泡化和大小增加。花粉生物利用度的降低和胚囊细胞的退化是镉的结果，镉能够诱导染色体畸变。男性器官异常多于女性。该研究显示了花卉结构中的干扰范围，并提供了一组良好的特征来确定受 Cd 污染的胁迫耐受性。与对照相比，花粉粒的空泡化和大小增加。花粉生物利用度的降低和胚囊细胞的退化是镉的结果，镉能够诱导染色体畸变。男性器官异常多于女性。该研究显示了花卉结构中的干扰范围，并提供了一组良好的特征来确定受 Cd 污染的胁迫耐受性。