Resource partitioning reduces the competition between different species within the same habitat, promoting their coexistence. To understand how such species co-adapt to reduce conflicts, we examined the behavior of two primates, Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), from April 2017 to March 2018 in Sivapuri Nagarjun National Park (SNNP), Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. We performed 1580 and 1261 scan sessions on wild multi-male/multi-female groups of Assamese and rhesus macaques, respectively, at 15-min sampling intervals. Assamese macaques consumed fewer plant species (38 species) than rhesus macaques (88 species). Overlapping food sources between the macaque species resulted in a Pianka index of 0.5. Assamese macaques consumed more items of tree, climber, and vine species, whereas rhesus macaques fed on more shrub, herb, and grass species. The proportions of plant parts consumed by the two species differed—more leaves, fruits and cones were used by Assamese macaques than rhesus macaques, whereas more flowers, seeds, and pods were consumed by rhesus macaques than Assamese macaques. Assamese macaques had a smaller home range (0.55 km2) than rhesus macaques (4.23 km2), and Assamese macaques had a shorter daily moving distance (1.6 km) than rhesus macaques (4.0 km). Although feeding time did not differ between the two macaque species, less time was devoted to social activities by Assamese macaques (16.0%) than by rhesus macaques (33.7%). Assamese macaques were generally arboreal, with 94.0% of their activities in trees, whereas rhesus macaques were largely terrestrial, with 58.5% of their activities on the ground. These differences in food selection, home-range size, ranging and activity patterns, and habitat use suggest that Assamese and rhesus macaques reduce resource competition through resource partitioning to coexist in a landscape matrix.

中文翻译：

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尼泊尔Shivapuri Nagarjun 国家公园的猕猴和M. mulatta 的生态和行为比较研究

资源划分减少了同一栖息地内不同物种之间的竞争，促进了它们的共存。为了了解这些物种如何共同适应以减少冲突，我们检查了 2017 年 4 月至 2018 年 3 月在加德满都 Sivapuri Nagarjun 国家公园 (SNNP) 的两种灵长类动物，阿萨姆猕猴 (Macaca assamensis) 和恒河猴 (Macaca mulatta) 的行为山谷，尼泊尔。我们以 15 分钟的采样间隔分别对野生多雄性/多雌性阿萨姆猕猴和恒河猴进行了 1580 次和 1261 次扫描。阿萨姆猕猴消耗的植物种类（38 种）比恒河猴（88 种）少。猕猴物种之间重叠的食物来源导致 Pianka 指数为 0.5。阿萨姆猕猴消耗更多的树木、攀缘植物和藤蔓物种，而恒河猴则以更多的灌木为食，草本植物和草类。这两个物种消耗的植物部分的比例不同——阿萨姆猕猴比恒河猴使用更多的叶子、果实和锥体，而恒河猴比阿萨姆猕猴消耗更多的花、种子和豆荚。阿萨姆猕猴的活动范围（0.55 平方公里）比恒河猴（4.23 平方公里）小，而阿萨姆猕猴的每日移动距离（1.6 公里）比恒河猴（4.0 公里）短。尽管两种猕猴的觅食时间没有差异，但阿萨姆猕猴 (16.0%) 用于社交活动的时间少于恒河猴 (33.7%)。阿萨姆猕猴一般是树栖的，94.0% 的活动在树上，而恒河猴主要是陆生的，58.5% 的活动在地面上。这些食物选择上的差异，