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Approaching the development of hurt feelings in childhood
New Ideas in Psychology ( IF 2.927 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100796
David J.K. Hardecker , Daniel B.M. Haun

Abstract When do hurt feelings develop? In this paper, we want to set the stage for empirical investigations that can answer this neglected question. Thus, we present an integrative theory of hurt feelings according to which hurt feelings in their narrow sense consist of (a) a primary appraisal of an illegitimate devaluation, (b) a secondary appraisal of low controllability, (c) an action tendency to withdraw, and (d) the communicative function to signal that one has been wronged, and is expecting reparation. We argue that sulking behavior can be used as an approach to studying hurt feelings in young children because the same appraisals are assumed to underlie sulking. Thus, we review what is known about pouting as a facial expression and sulking behavior. After discussing the ontogeny of two important eliciting situations of hurt feelings—abandonment and sibling favoritism, we preliminarily conclude that relevant behaviors are not present in jealousy experiments that involve a situation of discrimination and that hurt feelings seem not yet present in the Ainsworth Strange Situation at twelve months of age. Finally, we review empirical studies on shame, pride, guilt and social norms because they relate to the same motivational topic of legitimacy and social evaluation. In summary, this review suggests that it is likely that sulking behavior and thus hurt feelings in their narrow sense begin to develop at the end of the second year, together with other self-conscious emotions, but that empirical investigations are strongly needed.

中文翻译:

探讨童年伤害情绪的发展

摘要 伤害感是何时产生的 在本文中,我们希望为可以回答这个被忽视的问题的实证研究奠定基础。因此,我们提出了一种综合的伤害感受理论,根据该理论,狭义的伤害感受包括(a)对非法贬值的初步评估,(b)对低可控性的二次评估,(c)撤回的行动倾向,以及 (d) 沟通功能,表明一个人受到了冤屈,并期待得到赔偿。我们认为生闷气的行为可以用作研究幼儿受伤感受的一种方法,因为同样的评估被认为是生闷气的基础。因此,我们回顾了关于噘嘴是一种面部表情和生闷气的行为。在讨论了两种重要的伤害情绪的个体发育情况——被抛弃和兄弟姐妹偏爱后,我们初步得出结论,在涉及歧视情况的嫉妒实验中不存在相关行为,并且在安斯沃思奇怪的情境中似乎还没有出现伤害情绪。十二个月大。最后,我们回顾了关于羞耻、骄傲、内疚和社会规范的实证研究,因为它们与合法性和社会评价的相同动机主题相关。总而言之,本综述表明,很可能在第二年结束时,生闷气的行为以及狭义上的伤害情绪以及其他自觉情绪开始出现,但强烈需要进行实证调查。我们初步得出结论,在涉及歧视情况的嫉妒实验中不存在相关行为,并且在 12 个月大的 Ainsworth 奇怪情境中似乎还没有伤害感情。最后,我们回顾了关于羞耻、骄傲、内疚和社会规范的实证研究,因为它们与合法性和社会评价的相同动机主题相关。总而言之,本综述表明,很可能在第二年结束时,生闷气的行为和狭义上的伤害情绪以及其他自觉情绪开始发展,但强烈需要进行实证调查。我们初步得出结论,在涉及歧视情况的嫉妒实验中不存在相关行为,并且在 12 个月大的 Ainsworth 奇怪情境中似乎还没有出现伤害情绪。最后,我们回顾了关于羞耻、骄傲、内疚和社会规范的实证研究,因为它们与合法性和社会评价的相同动机主题相关。总而言之,本综述表明,很可能在第二年结束时,生闷气的行为和狭义上的伤害情绪以及其他自觉情绪开始发展,但强烈需要进行实证调查。
更新日期:2020-12-01
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