Abstract Public attitudes are vital for the successful implementation of management strategies and conservation programs. However, contradictory interests among different stakeholders can create important setbacks, creating barriers to achieve conservation goals. The endangered Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) occupies now only 20 % of its historical distribution area, in Portugal, and its reduction was mostly due to direct human persecution. Here, we assessed locals’ attitudes towards the Iberian wolf in northeast Portugal, in a region where humans and wolves coexist for centuries. A total of 323 questionnaires from three different interest groups (general public, livestock owners and hunters) were analysed. We tested the differences in attitude and fear level patterns between the different groups and assessed what socio-demographic factors could be influencing the detected patterns. We found that general attitude towards this carnivore was neutral to positive, probably owing to the low levels of livestock predation and long coexistence with local populations. However, most drivers differed among stakeholders groups. Education, knowledge, and level of fear were strong predictors explaining attitudes towards this endangered species. We stress the importance of assessing attitudes patterns and identifying the socio-psychological factors as necessary tools to facilitate the development of targeted tolerance-promoting strategies. Among other instruments, increasing locals’ tolerance toward the Iberian wolf can be achieved by target education interventions, where the stakeholders can actively take part in discussions to accommodate their needs and expectation, rather than be listeners of the implemented programs.

中文翻译：

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一条规则并不适合所有：利益相关者的模式和驱动因素 濒临灭绝的伊比利亚狼的观点

摘要 公众态度对于成功实施管理战略和保护计划至关重要。然而，不同利益相关者之间相互矛盾的利益可能会造成重大挫折，为实现保护目标制造障碍。濒临灭绝的伊比利亚狼 (Canis lupus signatus) 现在仅占其历史分布区的 20%，在葡萄牙，其减少主要是由于人类的直接迫害。在这里，我们评估了葡萄牙东北部当地人对伊比利亚狼的态度，该地区人类和狼共存了几个世纪。对来自三个不同利益群体（公众、牲畜所有者和猎人）的总共 323 份问卷进行了分析。我们测试了不同群体之间态度和恐惧水平模式的差异，并评估了哪些社会人口因素可能影响检测到的模式。我们发现对这种食肉动物的普遍态度是中性到积极，可能是由于牲畜捕食水平低以及与当地人口长期共存。然而，大多数驱动因素在利益相关者群体之间存在差异。教育、知识和恐惧程度是解释对这种濒危物种态度的有力预测因素。我们强调评估态度模式和确定社会心理因素的重要性，这些因素是促进制定有针对性的促进容忍策略的必要工具。在其他乐器中，