Host circadian rhythmicity and the timing of feeding are increasingly recognized to cross-regulate and entrain each other, and may play crucial roles in regulating multiple physiological functions including host immunity and metabolic health. Of relevance, these circadian diet-immune interactions may be modulated by the gut microbiota. We review current knowledge linking the circadian clock and dietary timing to host immune-microbiota interactions, exemplifying how this axis may impact on host immunity in health and in a variety of immune-mediated diseases. We also discuss current challenges in reaching mechanistic insights regarding the functions of the diurnally shifting diet-microbiome-host immune axis. We highlight the possible implications of circadian reprogramming by dietary timing patterns as a future intervention to modulate a variety of immune-related diseases.

中文翻译：

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饮食对微生物组和免疫的昼夜节律影响。

越来越多地认识到宿主的昼夜节律和进食时间相互交叉调节和相互夹带，并且可能在调节多种生理功能（包括宿主免疫力和代谢健康）中发挥关键作用。相关的是，这些昼夜节食与免疫的相互作用可能受到肠道菌群的调节。我们回顾了将昼夜节律和饮食时间联系起来以宿主免疫微生物群相互作用的最新知识，举例说明了该轴如何影响健康和各种免疫介导疾病中的宿主免疫力。我们还讨论了有关日间转变饮食-微生物组-宿主免疫轴功能的机制见解方面的当前挑战。