Abstract In this review, we discuss the principles of regulation and synchronization of metabolic processes in mammalian cells using a two-component model of cell metabolism consisting of a controlling signaling system that regulates major enzymatic cascades and executive metabolic system that directly performs biosynthetic reactions. This approach has allowed us to distinguish two transitional metabolic states (from catabolism to anabolism and vice versa) accompanied by major rearrangements in the signaling system. The signaling system of natural amino acids was selected, because amino acids are involved in both signaling and executive metabolic subsystems of general cell metabolism. We have developed a graphical representation of metabolic events that allowed us to demonstrate the succession of processes occurring in both metabolic subsystems during complete metabolic cycle in a non-dividing cell. An important revealed feature of the amino acid signaling system is that the signaling properties of amino acid are determined not only by their molecular structure, but also by the location within the cell. Four major signaling groups of amino acids have been identified that localize to lysosomes, mitochondria, cytosol, and extracellular space adjacent to the plasma membrane. Although these amino acids groups are similar in the composition, they have different receptors. We also proposed a scheme for the metabolism regulation by amino acids signaling that can serve as a basis for developing more complete spatio-temporal picture of metabolic regulation involving a wide variety of intracellular signaling cascades.

中文翻译：

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氨基酸作为细胞代谢的调节剂

摘要 在这篇综述中，我们讨论了哺乳动物细胞代谢过程的调节和同步原理，该模型使用细胞代谢的双组分模型，该模型由调节主要酶级联反应的控制信号系统和直接执行生物合成反应的执行代谢系统组成。这种方法使我们能够区分伴随信号系统中主要重排的两种过渡代谢状态（从分解代谢到合成代谢，反之亦然）。选择天然氨基酸的信号系统，因为氨基酸参与一般细胞代谢的信号和执行代谢子系统。我们开发了代谢事件的图形表示，使我们能够证明在非分裂细胞的完整代谢周期中两个代谢子系统中发生的过程的连续性。氨基酸信号系统的一个重要特征是氨基酸的信号特性不仅取决于它们的分子结构，还取决于细胞内的位置。已经确定了四个主要的氨基酸信号组，它们定位于溶酶体、线粒体、细胞质和与质膜相邻的细胞外空间。尽管这些氨基酸组的组成相似，但它们具有不同的受体。