Objective: The primary aim of the present study was to separate the direct effect of maternal prenatal depression on offspring ADHD from the passive transmission of genetic liability. Method: A children-of-twins and siblings design including 17,070 extended-family units participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study was used. Self-ratings were obtained from parents using the Symptom Checklist during pregnancy. Maternal ratings using Conner's Parent Rating Scale were obtained when the children were 5 years of age. Results: Genetic influences were important for explaining similarity between parents and offspring. There was also evidence for a maternal effect after accounting for genetic transmission (m = 0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.02, 0.09]). Conclusion: Our results were consistent with hypotheses suggesting that maternal prenatal depression influences symptoms of ADHD in offspring. However, the effect was weak and a substantial portion of the association could be accounted for by shared genetic influences.

中文翻译：

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抑郁症的父母产前症状和 ADHD 的后代症状：遗传信息代际研究。

目的：本研究的主要目的是将母亲产前抑郁症对后代 ADHD 的直接影响与遗传责任的被动传递区分开来。方法：使用双胞胎和兄弟姐妹设计，包括参与挪威母婴队列研究的 17,070 个大家庭单元。使用怀孕期间的症状清单从父母那里获得自我评价。在孩子 5 岁时获得使用 Conner 父母评分量表的母亲评分。结果：遗传影响对于解释父母和后代之间的相似性很重要。在考虑遗传传播后，也有证据表明母体效应（m = 0.06, 95% 置信区间 [CI] = [0.02, 0.09]）。结论：我们的结果与假设一致，表明产前抑郁症会影响后代的 ADHD 症状。然而，这种影响很微弱，而且这种关联的很大一部分可以由共同的遗传影响来解释。