Plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PERS), including surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, has witnessed substantial development over the past 20 years. These techniques can provide fingerprint information on target materials with sensitivities down to the single-molecule level and with sufficient spatial resolution to observe individual vibrational modes. PERS has thus found applications in diverse areas, ranging from bioanalysis to materials characterization. In this Technical Review, we survey the fundamental principles, advantages and limitations of using localized surface plasmon resonance to enhance the Raman signal in PERS. We discuss the issues that influence the sensitivity and interpretation of PERS results and provide an overview of state-of-the-art PERS applications in materials characterization, bioanalysis and the study of surfaces and interfaces. We also troubleshoot common experimental issues, largely based on our own experience. Finally, we conclude by examining future directions and issues to be addressed for the further development of PERS techniques.

等离子体增强拉曼光谱（PERS），包括表面增强拉曼光谱，壳分离的纳米粒子增强拉曼光谱和尖端增强拉曼光谱，在过去20年中得到了长足发展。这些技术可以提供目标材料的指纹信息，其灵敏度低至单分子水平，并且具有足够的空间分辨率以观察单个振动模式。因此，PERS已发现从生物分析到材料表征在内的各个领域的应用。在本技术综述中，我们调查了使用局部表面等离子体激元共振来增强PERS中拉曼信号的基本原理，优点和局限性。我们讨论了影响PERS结果敏感性和解释的问题，并概述了PERS在材料表征，生物分析以及表面和界面研究中的最新应用。我们还会根据自己的经验对常见的实验问题进行故障排除。最后，我们总结了未来的方向和需要进一步发展PERS技术的问题。