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Ecological traits and the spatial structure of competitive coexistence among carnivores
Ecology ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-09 , DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3059
Pedro Monterroso 1 , Francisco Díaz-Ruiz 2, 3 , Paul M Lukacs 4 , Paulo C Alves 1, 4, 5 , Pablo Ferreras 2
Affiliation  

Competition is a widespread interaction among carnivores, ultimately manifested through one or more dimensions of the species' ecological niche. One of the most explicit manifestations of competitive interactions regards spatial displacement. Its interpretation under a theoretical context provides an important tool to deepen our understanding of biological systems and communities, but also for wildlife management and conservation. We used Bayesian multi-species occupancy models on camera trapping data from multiple sites in Southwestern Europe (SWE) to investigate competitive interactions within a carnivore guild, and to evaluate how species' ecological traits are shaping coexistence patterns. Seventeen out of 26 pairwise interactions departed from a hypothesis of independent occurrence, with spatial association being twice as frequent as avoidance. Association behaviours were only detected among mesocarnivores, while avoidance mainly involved mesocarnivores avoiding the apex predator (n=4) and mesocarnivore-only interactions (n=2). Body mass ratios, defined as the dominant over the subordinate species body mass, revealed an important negative effect ( β ^ = - 0.38 [ CI 95 = - 0.81 , - 0.06 ] ) on co-occurrence probability, and support that spatially-explicit competitive interactions are mostly expressed by larger species able to dominate over smaller ones, with a threshold in body mass ratios of ca. 4, above which local-scale intraguild coexistence is unlikely. We found a weak relationship between pairwise trophic niche overlap and the probability of coexistence ( β ^ = - 0.19 [ CI 95 = - 0.58 , 0.21 ] ), suggesting that competition for feeding resources may not be a key driver of competition, at least at the scale of our analysis. Despite local-scale avoidance, regional-scale coexistence appears to be maintained by the spatial structuring of the competitive environment. We provide evidence that SWE ecosystems consist of spatially-structured competitive environments, and propose that coexistence among near-sized species is likely achieved through the interplay of "facultative" and "behavioral" character displacements. Factors influencing carnivore coexistence likely include context-dependent density and trait mediated-effects, which should be carefully considered for a sound understanding of the mechanisms regulating these communities.

中文翻译:

食肉动物竞争共存的生态特征与空间结构

竞争是食肉动物之间广泛的相互作用,最终通过物种生态位的一个或多个维度表现出来。竞争互动最明确的表现之一是空间位移。它在理论背景下的解释为加深我们对生物系统和群落的理解提供了重要工具,也为野生动物管理和保护提供了重要工具。我们使用贝叶斯多物种占用模型对来自西南部 (SWE) 多个地点的相机捕获数据进行研究,以研究食肉动物行会内的竞争相互作用,并评估物种的生态特征如何塑造共存模式。26 个成对相互作用中有 17 个偏离了独立发生的假设,空间关联的频率是回避的两倍。关联行为仅在中型食肉动物中检测到,而回避主要涉及中型食肉动物避免顶级捕食者(n = 4)和仅中型食肉动物的相互作用(n = 2)。体重比被定义为对从属物种体重的支配地位,揭示了对共现概率的重要负面影响 (β^ = - 0.38 [ CI 95 = - 0.81 , - 0.06 ] ),并支持空间显性竞争相互作用主要由能够支配较小物种的较大物种表达,体重比的阈值为约。4,高于此范围的地方规模行会内共存是不可能的。我们发现成对营养生态位重叠与共存概率之间存在弱关系(β^ = - 0.19 [ CI 95 = - 0.58 , 0.21 ] ),表明对食物资源的竞争可能不是竞争的关键驱动因素,至少在我们的分析范围内是这样。尽管避免了局部尺度,但竞争环境的空间结构似乎维持了区域尺度的共存。我们提供证据表明 SWE 生态系统由空间结构的竞争环境组成,并提出近尺寸物种之间的共存可能是通过“兼性”和“行为”特征置换的相互作用来实现的。影响食肉动物共存的因素可能包括依赖环境的密度和性状介导的影响,为了更好地理解这些社区的调节机制,应该仔细考虑这些因素。至少在我们的分析范围内。尽管避免了局部尺度,但竞争环境的空间结构似乎维持了区域尺度的共存。我们提供证据表明 SWE 生态系统由空间结构的竞争环境组成,并提出近尺寸物种之间的共存可能是通过“兼性”和“行为”特征置换的相互作用来实现的。影响食肉动物共存的因素可能包括依赖环境的密度和性状介导的影响,为了更好地理解这些社区的调节机制,应该仔细考虑这些因素。至少在我们的分析范围内。尽管避免了局部尺度,但竞争环境的空间结构似乎维持了区域尺度的共存。我们提供证据表明 SWE 生态系统由空间结构的竞争环境组成,并提出近尺寸物种之间的共存可能是通过“兼性”和“行为”特征置换的相互作用来实现的。影响食肉动物共存的因素可能包括依赖环境的密度和性状介导的影响,为了更好地理解这些社区的调节机制,应该仔细考虑这些因素。我们提供证据表明 SWE 生态系统由空间结构的竞争环境组成,并提出近尺寸物种之间的共存可能是通过“兼性”和“行为”特征置换的相互作用来实现的。影响食肉动物共存的因素可能包括依赖环境的密度和性状介导的影响,为了更好地理解这些社区的调节机制,应该仔细考虑这些因素。我们提供证据表明 SWE 生态系统由空间结构的竞争环境组成,并提出近尺寸物种之间的共存可能是通过“兼性”和“行为”特征置换的相互作用来实现的。影响食肉动物共存的因素可能包括依赖环境的密度和性状介导的影响,为了更好地理解这些社区的调节机制,应该仔细考虑这些因素。
更新日期:2020-06-09
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