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Effects of dispersal- and niche-based factors on tree recruitment in tropical wet forest restoration.
Ecological Applications ( IF 5 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-25 , DOI: 10.1002/eap.2139
Leland K Werden 1 , Karen D Holl 2 , Juan Abel Rosales 3 , Janelle M Sylvester 4 , Rakan A Zahawi 1
Affiliation  

Both dispersal‐ and niche‐based factors can impose major barriers on tree establishment. Our understanding of how these factors interact to determine recruitment rates is based primarily on findings from mature tropical forests, despite the fact that a majority of tropical forests are now secondary. Consequently, factors influencing seed limitation and the seed‐to‐seedling transition (STS) in disturbed landscapes, and how those factors shift during succession, are not well understood. We used a 3.5‐yr record of seed rain and seedling establishment to investigate factors influencing tree recruitment after a decade of recovery in a tropical wet forest restoration experiment in southern Costa Rica. We asked (1) how do a range of restoration treatments (natural regeneration, applied nucleation, plantation), canopy cover, and life‐history traits influence the STS and (2) how do seed and establishment limitation (lack of seed arrival or lack of seedling recruitment, respectively) influence vegetation recovery within restoration treatments as compared to remnant forest? We did not observe any differences in STS rates across restoration treatments. However, STS rates were lowest in adjacent later successional remnant forests, where seed source availability did not highly limit seed arrival, underscoring that niche‐based processes may increasingly limit recruitment as succession unfolds. Additionally, larger‐seeded species had consistently higher STS rates across treatments and remnant forests, though establishment limitation for these species was lowest in the remnant forests. Species were generally seed limited and almost all were establishment limited; these patterns were consistent across treatments. However, our results suggest that differences in recruitment rates could be driven by differential dispersal to treatments with higher canopy cover. We found evidence that barriers to recruitment shift during succession, with the influence of seed limitation, mediated by species‐level seed deposition rates, giving way to niche‐based processes. However, establishment limitation was lowest in the remnant forests for large‐seeded and late successional species, highlighting the importance of habitat specialization and life‐history traits in dictating recruitment dynamics. Overall, results demonstrate that active restoration approaches such as tree planting catalyze forest recovery, not only by decreasing components of seed limitation, but also by developing canopy cover that increases establishment rates of larger‐seeded species.

中文翻译:

在热带湿润森林恢复中,基于分散和利基的因素对树木募集的影响。

基于散布和利基的因素都会对树的建立施加主要障碍。尽管事实上大多数热带森林是次生的,但我们对这些因素如何相互作用以决定招聘率的理解主要基于成熟热带森林的发现。因此,人们对扰动景观中影响种子限制和种子到幼苗过渡(STS)的因素,以及这些因素在演替过程中的变化方式知之甚少。在哥斯达黎加南部的热带湿润森林恢复实验中,我们使用3.5年的种子雨和幼苗生长记录来调查影响树木采伐10年后恢复的因素。我们问(1)如何进行一系列的恢复处理(自然再生,成核,人工林),树冠覆盖,和生命历史特征会影响STS;(2)与残留森林相比,种子和植物的局限性(分别缺乏种子到达或缺少幼苗募集)如何影响恢复处理中的植被恢复?我们没有观察到恢复治疗之间的STS率有任何差异。但是,相邻的后续演替残余森林中的STS率最低,那里的种子来源可利用性并没有很大程度地限制种子的到来,这强调了基于生态位的过程可能会随着演替的展开而越来越多地限制募集。此外,大种子物种在各种处理和残留森林中的STS率始终较高,尽管这些物种的建立限制在残留森林中最低。物种通常受到种子限制,几乎所有物种都受到建立限制;这些模式在治疗之间是一致的。但是,我们的结果表明,招聘差异的原因可能是由于对较高树冠覆盖率的处理方法的差异性扩散所致。我们发现有证据表明,受种限种子的影响(由种级种子的沉积速率介导),在继承过程中,招募的障碍发生了转移,而转而基于生态位的过程。但是,对于大种子和后期演替物种而言,残留森林中的建立限制最低,突出了栖息地专业化和生活史特征在决定募集动态方面的重要性。总体而言,结果表明,诸如树木种植之类的积极恢复方法不仅可以减少种子限制的成分,还可以催化森林恢复,
更新日期:2020-04-25
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