Research on carbon gas flux to and from inland waters has increased over the past two decades, driven mainly by the need to understand (1) the global carbon budget in regard to stabilizing earth’s climate, and (2) how aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide change in response to anthropogenic pressures like climate and land use change. This paper reviews carbon flux research in support of a proposed global carbon monitoring network to inform public policy. It begins with an overview of the physical–chemical processes and quantification tools for carbon gas flux, and then highlights their application to streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and estuaries. Research outcomes to date point to spatiotemporal coverage gaps owing to the complexity of the aquatic ecosystems and land–water interactions, suggesting that long-term monitoring is needed to better understand their signals in response to changes in climate and land management. While better monitoring of gas flux is an important piece of the global carbon budget resolution problem, new information will need to be developed and integrated to adequately inform carbon policymaking. This information can stem from developments in large-scale carbon status and flux assessment tools, such as via remote sensing platforms, and from improved integrated watershed-to-water body modeling efforts.

中文翻译：

---

流入和流出内陆水域的碳气体通量：支持全球观测网络

在过去的二十年中，流入和流出内陆水域的碳气通量的研究有所增加，这主要是由于需要了解以下方面的需求：（1）关于稳定地球气候的全球碳预算；（2）水生生态系统及其服务的方式提供应对气候变化和土地利用变化等人为压力的变化。本文回顾了碳通量研究，以支持拟议的全球碳监测网络，以为公共政策提供参考。首先概述了碳气体通量的物理化学过程和定量工具，然后重点介绍了它们在溪流，河流，湖泊，水库和河口的应用。迄今为止的研究成果指出，由于水生生态系统的复杂性和水土相互作用，时空覆盖率存在差距，建议需要进行长期监测，以更好地了解气候和土地管理变化的信号。尽管更好地监控气体通量是全球碳预算解决问题的重要部分，但仍需要开发和整合新的信息以充分为碳政策制定提供依据。该信息可以来自大型碳状态和通量评估工具的开发，例如通过遥感平台，以及改进的集水区到水体的综合建模工作。