Certain modified color terms encountered in a multi-language corpus of unconstrained color-naming data, elicited with 65 Color-aid Corporation tiles, can be glossed into English as "bright (or vivid) X" (e.g., Estonian "ere-X"), while other modifiers are glossed "light" or "dark." However, translation between languages or into the terms of colorimetry is never assured. We address the problem empirically by examining the denotata of each modified term and treating its uses as a distribution across a metric color space in which tiles are located as points. We compared each distribution with that of the unmodified term X, identifying the latter with the focus of X (the within-language consensus about the most prototypical exemplar of X). In some cases the modifiers operate as "bright" in the sense of "intense" or "saturated," so "bright-X" and "X" share a centroid, but this is not universal.

中文翻译：

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“明亮”何时表示“原型”？使用八种欧洲语言的颜色术语修饰符，并通过颜色调查数据进行了检验。

由65种Color-aid Corporation磁贴引发的多语言无约束命名数据语料库中遇到的某些修改后的颜色术语，可以用英文“亮（或生动）X”（例如，爱沙尼亚语“ ere-X” ），而其他修饰符则涂上“浅色”或“深色”字样。但是，从不保证语言之间的转换或比色术语的转换。我们通过检查每个修饰词的符号，并将其用途视为在以图块为点的度量颜色空间中的分布来经验地解决该问题。我们将每个分布与未修饰词X的分布进行了比较，确定了后者的焦点为X（关于X的最典型样本的语言内共识）。在某些情况下，修饰符的作用为“明亮”