A total of 24 soil samples, including 4 subsurface, 34 water samples and 17 sets of hydrological survey data were collected in a soil investigation and hydrological survey campaign from August 2017 to September 2018 at a small Dermawan forest catchment, Singapore. The study was to understand and evaluate the catchment’s soil and stream status through the assessment of elemental concentrations and their possible sources. Dermawan catchment exhibited a distinct neutral environment in both soil and stream water, with remarkably high concentration of Ca, Mg and Ba in both matrices. Most elements in Dermawan forest have higher concentration than those from other forested catchments in Singapore though we believe that they occur naturally, mainly due to the close proximity between the catchment’s soil and stream. These elements most likely derived from the underlying Gombak Norite geology (for soil) and indigenous soil (for stream water). Despite that the catchment is in natural status, localized anthropogenic disturbance to the catchment is obvious given the enrichment of various metals. Therefore, further investigations and management attention are needed given the sensitive nature of hill stream in the Dermawan forest, which is recognized as one of the rare and important habitats in Singapore for biodiversity conservation.

中文翻译：

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新加坡潜在受保护的森林流域中的元素集中

2017年8月至2018年9月，在新加坡小马湾森林流域的土壤调查和水文调查活动中，总共收集了24个土壤样本，包括4个地下样本，34个水样本和17套水文调查数据。该研究旨在通过评估元素浓度及其可能的来源来了解和评估流域的土壤和河流状况。Dermawan集水区在土壤和溪流水中均表现出独特的中性环境，两种基质中的Ca，Mg和Ba浓度均非常高。尽管我们认为，Dermawan森林中的大多数元素比新加坡其他森林集水区的元素含量更高，但它们自然存在，这主要是由于集水区的土壤和溪流之间的距离非常近。这些元素最有可能源自潜在的Gombak Norite地质学（针对土壤）和本土土壤（针对溪流水）。尽管集水区处于自然状态，但由于各种金属的富集，对集水区的局部人为干扰是显而易见的。因此，鉴于Dermawan森林中山间溪流的敏感性质，这需要进一步的调查和管理关注，Dermawan森林是公认的新加坡生物多样性保护稀有和重要的生境之一。