Abstract Biofouling, generally initiated by non-specific adsorption of cells, proteins and microorganisms, is a persistent challenge in a wide range of applications, including implantable biomedical devices, biosensors, surgical and protective tools in hospitals, food storage and packages, water purification membranes, marine and industrial surfaces. Surfaces that resist the non-specific adsorption of proteins and microbes are also important in catheters, prosthetic devices and contact lenses, in immunological assays like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), in materials for cell culture, and in drug delivery devices. Biofouling from cell or bacteria adhesion on implanted biomedical devices can cause infection and complications. The direct cost of such fouling has exceeded $3 billion annually in the United States alone. Significant effort is directed towards designing important class of robust ultralow-fouling zwitterionic polymer and hydrogel biomaterials with higher in vivo stability, prevention of bacterial adhesion, and protein adsorption resistance. This manuscript provides a critical review of such zwitterionic materials carrying permanent positive and negative charges, but displaying an overall charge neutrality. The concepts reviewed here include the synthesis, coating, functionalizations, and in vitro and in vivo applications of zwitterionic materials for antibiofouling applications.

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两性离子聚合物和水凝胶用于可植入设备中的抗生物污损应用

摘要 生物污染通常由细胞、蛋白质和微生物的非特异性吸附引起，是广泛应用中的持续挑战，包括可植入生物医学设备、生物传感器、医院的手术和防护工具、食品储存和包装、水净化膜。 、海洋和工业表面。抵抗蛋白质和微生物非特异性吸附的表面在导管、假肢装置和隐形眼镜、酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA) 等免疫分析、细胞培养材料和药物输送装置中也很重要。细胞或细菌粘附在植入生物医学设备上的生物污垢会导致感染和并发症。仅在美国，这种污垢的直接成本每年就超过 30 亿美元。重大努力旨在设计一类重要的坚固的超低污染两性离子聚合物和水凝胶生物材料，这些材料具有更高的体内稳定性、防止细菌粘附和抗蛋白质吸附。这份手稿对这种带有永久正负电荷但显示整体电荷中性的两性离子材料进行了批判性审查。此处审查的概念包括用于抗生物污损应用的两性离子材料的合成、涂层、功能化以及体外和体内应用。这份手稿对这种带有永久正负电荷但显示整体电荷中性的两性离子材料进行了批判性审查。此处审查的概念包括用于抗生物污损应用的两性离子材料的合成、涂层、功能化以及体外和体内应用。这份手稿对这种带有永久正负电荷但显示整体电荷中性的两性离子材料进行了批判性审查。此处审查的概念包括用于抗生物污损应用的两性离子材料的合成、涂层、功能化以及体外和体内应用。