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Behavioural responses to co‐occurring threats of predation and ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia
Freshwater Biology ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-22 , DOI: 10.1111/fwb.13516
Mikael T. Ekvall 1 , Yongcui Sha 1 , Tobias Palmér 2 , Giuseppe Bianco 3 , Johan Bäckman 3 , Kalle Åström 2 , Lars‐Anders Hansson 1, 3
Affiliation  

Organisms in the wild are faced with multiple threats and a common response is a change in behaviour. To disentangle responses to several threats, we exposed two differently sized species of the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and predation from either moving pelagic or benthic ambush predators. Using an advanced nanotechnology-based method, we tracked the three-dimensional movements of those mm-sized animals at the individual level. Each behavioural trial was performed both under conditions resembling night (no UVR) and day (UVR) and we examined patterns of the depth distribution and swimming speed by Daphnia across three treatments: no predator (control); bottom-dwelling damselfly (Calopteryx sp.); and fish (stickleback, Pungitius pungitius) predators. We also quantified the actual predation rate by the two predators on the two Daphnia species, Daphnia manga and Daphnia pulex. We show that individual Daphnia are able to identify predators with different feeding habitats, rank multiple and simultaneously occurring risks and respond in accordance with the actual threat; complex responses that are generally associated with larger animals. In a broader context, our results highlight and quantify how a cocktail of everyday threats is perceived and handled by invertebrates, which advances our understanding of species distribution in space and time, and thereby of population dynamics and ecosystem function in natural ecosystems. (Less)

中文翻译:

对水蚤同时发生的捕食和紫外线辐射威胁的行为反应

野外生物面临多种威胁,常见的反应是改变行为。为了解决对几种威胁的反应,我们将两种不同大小的淡水无脊椎动物水蚤暴露于太阳紫外线辐射 (UVR) 和来自移动的远洋或底栖伏击捕食者的捕食。使用先进的基于纳米技术的方法,我们在个体水平上跟踪了那些毫米大小的动物的三维运动。每个行为试验都是在类似于夜间(无 UVR)和白天(UVR)的条件下进行的,我们检查了水蚤在三种处理中的深度分布和游泳速度模式:无捕食者(对照);底栖豆娘(Calopteryx sp.);和鱼(刺鱼,Pungitius pungitius)捕食者。我们还量化了两种捕食者对两种水蚤物种 Daphnia manga 和 Daphnia pulex 的实际捕食率。我们表明,水蚤个体能够识别具有不同觅食栖息地的捕食者,对多个同时发生的风险进行排序,并根据实际威胁做出反应;通常与大型动物相关的复杂反应。在更广泛的背景下,我们的结果突出并量化了无脊椎动物如何感知和处理日常威胁的混合物,这促进了我们对物种在空间和时间上的分布的理解,从而促进了对自然生态系统中种群动态和生态系统功能的理解。(较少的)对多个同时发生的风险进行排序,并根据实际威胁做出响应;通常与大型动物相关的复杂反应。在更广泛的背景下,我们的结果突出并量化了无脊椎动物如何感知和处理日常威胁的鸡尾酒,这促进了我们对物种在空间和时间上的分布的理解,从而促进了对自然生态系统中种群动态和生态系统功能的理解。(较少的)对多个同时发生的风险进行排序,并根据实际威胁做出响应;通常与大型动物相关的复杂反应。在更广泛的背景下,我们的结果突出并量化了无脊椎动物如何感知和处理日常威胁的混合物,这促进了我们对物种在空间和时间上的分布的理解,从而促进了对自然生态系统中种群动态和生态系统功能的理解。(较少的)从而了解自然生态系统中的种群动态和生态系统功能。(较少的)从而了解自然生态系统中的种群动态和生态系统功能。(较少的)
更新日期:2020-04-22
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