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Density dependence mediates the ecological impact of an invasive fish
Diversity and Distributions ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-22 , DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13063
Emma M. DeRoy 1 , Ryan Scott 2 , Nigel E. Hussey 3 , Hugh J. MacIsaac 1, 4
Affiliation  

AIM: The way in which habitat heterogeneity and predator density affect predator–prey dynamics, space use and prey risk are understudied aspects of foraging ecology, particularly for invasive species. Likewise, how an invasive species’ impact scales with its abundance is poorly understood. We used a model invasive species—lionfish (Pterois volitans)—to understand emergent multiple predator effects and influences of habitat heterogeneity on consumption rate and prey mortality risk. LOCATION: Florida, USA. METHODS: We considered effects of both predator and prey abundance on density‐dependent impact. We used functional response methodology to quantify the per‐capita effect of P. volitans, assessing concomitant influences of prey refuge (3 levels) and predator density (3 levels) on predator–prey space use and predation efficiency across increasing prey densities (7 levels). We then assessed intraspecific interaction outcomes by comparing observed per‐capita effects with predicted estimates based on consumption rates of individual predators. This allowed us to detect the presence of emergent multiple predator effects (MPEs) and tease apart density‐dependent impacts. RESULTS: Lionfish predatory impact was mediated by predator and prey density but unaffected by refugia. Despite incongruent patch preferences between predators and their prey, predator impacts were context‐independent. We also detected nonlinear scaling of impact with increasing predator abundance. Pairs of lionfish had the greatest per‐capita effect, whose cumulative impact on prey matched that expected of independently foraging predators. At the highest predator density (four fish), antagonistic multiple predator effects precipitated prey risk reduction, in which we observed the lowest per‐capita effect. Across predator abundances, prey mortality rates were inversely density‐dependent. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Quantifying non‐independent consumptive effects of multiple conspecific predators across levels of prey abundance can inform better prediction and understanding of invasive species' density‐dependent effects. Additionally, consideration of heterogeneity‐mediated FRs and predator–prey spatial distributions may facilitate more precise and realistic predictions of invader impact across their invaded range.

中文翻译:

密度依赖性介导入侵鱼类的生态影响

目的:栖息地异质性和捕食者密度影响捕食者-猎物动态、空间利用和猎物风险的方式是觅食生态学的未充分研究的方面,特别是对于入侵物种。同样,入侵物种的影响如何随着其丰富度而变化也知之甚少。我们使用了一个模型入侵物种——狮子鱼(Pterois volitans)——来了解新兴的多重捕食者效应以及栖息地异质性对消耗率和猎物死亡风险的影响。地点:美国佛罗里达州。方法:我们考虑了捕食者和猎物丰度对密度依赖性影响的影响。我们使用功能响应方法来量化 P. volitans 的人均效应,评估猎物避难所(3 个级别)和捕食者密度(3 个级别)对捕食者-猎物空间使用和捕食效率的伴随影响,包括增加的猎物密度(7 个级别)。然后,我们通过比较观察到的人均效应与基于个体捕食者的消耗率的预测估计值来评估种内相互作用结果。这使我们能够检测紧急多重捕食者效应 (MPE) 的存在,并区分密度相关的影响。结果:狮子鱼的捕食影响是由捕食者和猎物密度介导的,但不受避难所的影响。尽管捕食者和猎物之间的斑块偏好不一致,但捕食者的影响是独立于环境的。我们还检测到随着捕食者丰度的增加,影响的非线性缩放。狮子鱼对的人均效应最大,其对猎物的累积影响与独立觅食捕食者的预期相符。在最高捕食者密度(四条鱼)下,对抗性多重捕食者效应促使猎物风险降低,其中我们观察到最低的人均效应。在捕食者丰度中,猎物死亡率与密度呈负相关。主要结论:量化多个同种捕食者在猎物丰度水平上的非独立消耗效应可以更好地预测和理解入侵物种的密度依赖性效应。此外,考虑异质性介导的 FRs 和捕食者 - 猎物空间分布可能有助于更精确和现实地预测入侵者在其入侵范围内的影响。在最高捕食者密度(四条鱼)下,对抗性多重捕食者效应促使猎物风险降低,其中我们观察到最低的人均效应。在捕食者丰度中,猎物死亡率与密度呈负相关。主要结论:量化多个同种捕食者在猎物丰度水平上的非独立消耗效应可以更好地预测和理解入侵物种的密度依赖性效应。此外,考虑异质性介导的 FRs 和捕食者 - 猎物空间分布可能有助于更精确和现实地预测入侵者在其入侵范围内的影响。在最高捕食者密度(四条鱼)下,对抗性多重捕食者效应促使猎物风险降低,其中我们观察到最低的人均效应。在捕食者丰度中,猎物死亡率与密度呈负相关。主要结论:量化多个同种捕食者在猎物丰度水平上的非独立消耗效应可以更好地预测和理解入侵物种的密度依赖性效应。此外,考虑异质性介导的 FRs 和捕食者 - 猎物空间分布可能有助于更精确和现实地预测入侵者在其入侵范围内的影响。猎物死亡率与密度呈负相关。主要结论:量化多个同种捕食者在猎物丰度水平上的非独立消耗效应可以更好地预测和理解入侵物种的密度依赖性效应。此外,考虑异质性介导的 FRs 和捕食者 - 猎物空间分布可能有助于更精确和现实地预测入侵者在其入侵范围内的影响。猎物死亡率与密度呈负相关。主要结论:量化多个同种捕食者在猎物丰度水平上的非独立消耗效应可以更好地预测和理解入侵物种的密度依赖性效应。此外,考虑异质性介导的 FRs 和捕食者 - 猎物空间分布可能有助于更精确和现实地预测入侵者在其入侵范围内的影响。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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