Urbanization in low-income countries represents an important inflection point in the epidemiology of disease, with rural populations experiencing high rates of chronic and recurrent infections and urban populations displaying a profile of noncommunicable diseases. To investigate if urbanization alters the expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, we queried gene microarray data from rural and urban populations living in Morocco (GSE17065). The R Bioconductor packages edgeR and limma were used to identify genes with different expression. The experimental design was modeled upon location and sex. Nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins were identified from the MitoCarta2.0 database. Of the 1158 genes listed in the MitoCarta2.0 database, 847 genes (73%) were available for analysis in the Moroccan dataset. The urban-rural comparison with the greatest environmental differences showed that 76.5% of the MitoCarta2.0 genes were differentially expressed, with 97% of the genes having an increased expression in the urban area. Enrichment analysis revealed 367 significantly enriched pathways (adjusted p value < 0.05), with oxidative phosphorylation, insulin secretion and glucose regulations (adj.p values = 6.93E-16) being the top three. Four significantly perturbed KEGG disease pathways were associated with urbanization-three degenerative neurological diseases (Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases) and herpes simplex infection (false discover rate corrected p value (PGFdr) < 0.2). Mitochondrial RNA metabolic processing and translational elongation were the biological processes that had the greatest enrichment (enrichment ratios 14.0 and 14.8, respectively, FDR < 0.5). Our study links urbanization in Morocco with changes in the expression of the nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins.

中文翻译：

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编码来自摩洛哥城市和农村人口的线粒体蛋白的核基因的差异表达。

低收入国家的城市化是疾病流行病学的一个重要转折点，农村人口的慢性和复发性感染率很高，而城市人口则表现出非传染性疾病的特征。为了研究城市化是否会改变编码线粒体蛋白的基因的表达，我们查询了来自摩洛哥农村和城市人口 (GSE17065) 的基因微阵列数据。R Bioconductor 包 edgeR 和 limma 用于识别具有不同表达的基因。实验设计以地点和性别为模型。从 MitoCarta2.0 数据库中鉴定了编码线粒体蛋白的核基因。在 MitoCarta2.0 数据库中列出的 1158 个基因中，有 847 个基因（73%）可用于摩洛哥数据集中的分析。环境差异最大的城乡对比显示，76.5%的MitoCarta2.0基因差异表达，其中97%的基因在城市地区表达增加。富集分析显示 367 条显着富集的通路（调整后的 p 值 < 0.05），其中氧化磷酸化、胰岛素分泌和葡萄糖调节（调整后的 p 值 = 6.93E-16）是前三名。四种显着扰乱的 KEGG 疾病通路与城市化相关 - 三种退行性神经系统疾病（亨廷顿病、阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病）和单纯疱疹感染（错误发现率校正 p 值 (PGFdr) < 0.2）。线粒体 RNA 代谢加工和翻译延伸是具有最大富集的生物过程（富集比分别为 14.0 和 14.8，FDR < 0.5）。我们的研究将摩洛哥的城市化与编码线粒体蛋白的核基因表达的变化联系起来。