To investigate the relationship between the bamboo including its nutrients and microbiome, and gut microbiome of giant panda, different bamboo species were provided for feeding the giant pandas. Nutrients of bamboo were examined, and the bamboo microbiome and gut microbiome of giant panda were investigated using high throughput sequencing. The results revealed that the composition of gut microbiome in giant panda varied among groups with different bamboo diet. Except for fat and hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, carbohydrate, protein, flavone and tannin were significantly different between different bamboo species (p < 0.05). PCoA showed that the composition of bamboo microbiome varied by different species. Significant differences in richness and diversity of bacteria were observed between different bamboo (p < 0.05), as well as the abundance of the main bacteria and fungi at phylum and genus level (Kruskal-Wallis, LDA > 4). Interestingly, the content of lignin and cellulose in bamboo was positively associated with the relative abundance of Streptococcus and Clostridium in gut of giant panda, respectively (p < 0.05). The diversity of bamboo bacteria was positively correlated with that of gut bacteria in giant panda (p < 0.05). Significant associations of certain bacteria and fungi between bamboo and gut of giant panda (p < 0.05) were found. 36 bacterial and 54 fungal genera were both shared between bamboo and the gut of giant panda in all groups. Our results demonstrated that the gut microbial community varied between giant pandas fed on different bamboo species revealing that bamboo nutrients and microbiome affect gut microbiome of giant panda. Our findings contributed to the deeper understanding of dietary or environmental impact on gut microbiome of giant panda.

中文翻译：

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竹营养和微生物组影响大熊猫肠道微生物组

为了研究竹子（包括其营养成分和微生物组）与大熊猫肠道微生物组之间的关系，提供了不同种类的竹子来喂养大熊猫。检查竹子的营养，并使用高通量测序研究大熊猫的竹子微生物组和肠道微生物组。结果表明，不同竹制饮食的大熊猫肠道微生物组的组成各不相同。除了脂肪和半纤维素外，不同竹子之间的纤维素，木质素，碳水化合物，蛋白质，黄酮和单宁含量也有显着差异（p  <0.05）。PCoA表明，竹微生物组的组成因物种而异。在不同的竹子之间观察到细菌丰富度和多样性的显着差异（p  <0.05），以及门和属水平上主要细菌和真菌的丰度（Kruskal-Wallis，LDA> 4）。有趣的是，竹子中木质素和纤维素的含量分别与大熊猫肠道中链球菌和梭菌的相对丰度正相关（p  <0.05）。大熊猫中竹细菌的多样性与肠道细菌的多样性呈正相关（p  <0.05）。某些细菌和大熊猫的竹子和肠道之间的真菌显著协会（p <0.05）。在所有组中，竹子和大熊猫的肠道之间共有36个细菌属和54个真菌属。我们的研究结果表明，以不同竹子为食的大熊猫之间，肠道微生物群落各不相同，这表明竹子养分和微生物组会影响大熊猫的肠道微生物组。我们的发现有助于更深入地了解饮食或环境对大肠肠道微生物组的影响。