Existing electronic skin (e-skin) sensing platforms are equipped to monitor physical parameters using power from batteries or near-field communication. For e-skins to be applied in the next generation of robotics and medical devices, they must operate wirelessly and be self-powered. However, despite recent efforts to harvest energy from the human body, self-powered e-skin with the ability to perform biosensing with Bluetooth communication are limited because of the lack of a continuous energy source and limited power efficiency. Here, we report a flexible and fully perspiration-powered integrated electronic skin (PPES) for multiplexed metabolic sensing in situ. The battery-free e-skin contains multimodal sensors and highly efficient lactate biofuel cells that use a unique integration of zero- to three-dimensional nanomaterials to achieve high power intensity and long-term stability. The PPES delivered a record-breaking power density of 3.5 milliwatt·centimeter⁻² for biofuel cells in untreated human body fluids (human sweat) and displayed a very stable performance during a 60-hour continuous operation. It selectively monitored key metabolic analytes (e.g., urea, NH₄⁺, glucose, and pH) and the skin temperature during prolonged physical activities and wirelessly transmitted the data to the user interface using Bluetooth. The PPES was also able to monitor muscle contraction and work as a human-machine interface for human-prosthesis walking.

现有的电子皮肤（e-skin）感应平台已配备，可以使用电池供电或近场通信来监视物理参数。为了将电子皮肤应用到下一代机器人技术和医疗设备中，它们必须无线操作并具有自供电功能。然而，尽管最近努力从人体中获取能量，但是由于缺乏连续的能量来源和有限的功率效率，具有通过蓝牙通信执行生物传感的能力的自供电电子皮肤受到了限制。在这里，我们报告了一种灵活的，完全由汗液驱动的集成电子皮肤（PPES），用于原位多路代谢检测。无需电池的电子皮肤包含多模式传感器和高效的乳酸生物燃料电池，它们使用从零到三维纳米材料的独特集成来实现高功率强度和长期稳定性。PPES的功率密度达到创纪录的3.5毫瓦·厘米^-2用于未经处理的人体液体（人类汗液）中的生物燃料电池，并在60小时连续运行中表现出非常稳定的性能。它在长时间的体育活动中选择性地监测关键的代谢分析物（例如尿素，NH ₄ ⁺，葡萄糖和pH）和皮肤温度，并使用蓝牙将数据无线传输到用户界面。PPES还能够监视肌肉收缩，并充当人为假肢行走的人机界面。