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Anuran limbs reflect microhabitat and distal, later‐developing bones are more evolutionarily labile
Evolution ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-02 , DOI: 10.1111/evo.13981
Natasha Stepanova 1, 2 , Molly C Womack 3
Affiliation  

Tetrapod limbs have been used as a model system to investigate how selective pressures and constraints shape morphological evolution. Anurans have had many independent transitions to various microhabitats, allowing us to dissect how these factors influence limb morphology. Furthermore, anurans provide a unique system to test the generality of developmental constraints proposed in mammals, namely that later‐developing limb bones are under less constraint and show more variation. We used microcomputed tomography scans of 236 species from 52 of 55 families, geometric morphometrics, and modern phylogenetic comparative methods to examine how limb bones are related to microhabitat, phylogeny, allometry, and developmental timing. Although there was significant phylogenetic signal, anuran limb shape showed a relationship with microhabitat and to a lesser extent, body size. We found that distal bones had higher evolutionary rates than proximal bones, providing evidence that developmental constraints are reduced in later‐developing bones. Distal bones also showed increased selection related to allometry and microhabitat, providing an additional explanation for higher evolutionary rates. By looking at the evolution of limb shape across a diverse clade, we demonstrated that multiple factors have shaped anuran limbs and that greater evolutionary lability in later‐developing limb bones is likely a general trend among tetrapods.

中文翻译:

Anuran 四肢反映微栖息地和远端,后期发育的骨骼在进化上更不稳定

四足动物的肢体已被用作模型系统来研究选择压力和约束如何塑造形态演化。Anurans 有许多独立的过渡到各种微生境,使我们能够剖析这些因素如何影响肢体形态。此外,无尾猿提供了一个独特的系统来测试哺乳动物中提出的发育限制的普遍性,即后期发育的四肢骨骼受到的限制较少并且表现出更多的变化。我们使用来自 55 个科中的 52 个的 236 个物种的显微计算机断层扫描扫描、几何形态计量学和现代系统发育比较方法来检查四肢骨骼如何与微栖息地、系统发育、异速生长和发育时间相关。尽管存在显着的系统发育信号,无尾猿的肢体形状与微栖息地有关,在较小程度上与体型有关。我们发现远端骨骼比近端骨骼具有更高的进化率,提供证据表明后期发育的骨骼中的发育限制减少。远端骨骼还显示出与异速生长和微生境相关的选择增加,为更高的进化率提供了额外的解释。通过观察不同进化枝中肢体形状的演变,我们证明了多种因素塑造了无尾猿的肢体,并且后期发育的肢体骨骼中更大的进化不稳定性可能是四足动物的普遍趋势。远端骨骼还显示出与异速生长和微生境相关的选择增加,为更高的进化率提供了额外的解释。通过观察不同进化枝中肢体形状的演变,我们证明了多种因素塑造了无尾猿的肢体,并且后期发育的肢体骨骼中更大的进化不稳定性可能是四足动物的普遍趋势。远端骨骼还显示出与异速生长和微生境相关的选择增加,为更高的进化率提供了额外的解释。通过观察不同进化枝中肢体形状的演变,我们证明了多种因素塑造了无尾猿的肢体,并且后期发育的肢体骨骼中更大的进化不稳定性可能是四足动物的普遍趋势。
更新日期:2020-05-02
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