The recent explosion of atomic-level structures of glycoproteins that comprise the surface antigens of human enveloped viruses, such as RSV, influenza, and HIV, provide tremendous opportunities for rational, structure-based vaccine design. Several concepts in structure-based vaccine design have been put into practice and are are well along preclinical and clinical implementation. Testing of these designed immunogens will provide key insights into the ability to induce the desired immune responses, namely neutralizing antibodies. Many of these immunogens in human clinical trials represent only the first wave of designs and will likely require continued tweaking and elaboration to achieve the ultimate goal of enhanced breadth and potency. Considerable effort is now being invested in germline targeting, epitope focusing, and improved immune presentation such as multivalent nanoparticle incorporation. This review highlights some of the recent advances in these areas as we prepare for the next generation of immunogens for subsequent rounds of iterative vaccine development.

中文翻译：

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下一代疫苗基于结构的抗原设计和免疫监测方面的创新。

最近，包含人类包膜病毒（如 RSV、流感和 HIV）表面抗原的糖蛋白原子级结构的爆炸式增长，为合理的、基于结构的疫苗设计提供了巨大的机会。基于结构的疫苗设计中的几个概念已经付诸实践，并且在临床前和临床实施中进展顺利。对这些设计的免疫原的测试将提供对诱导所需免疫反应（即中和抗体）能力的关键见解。人体临床试验中的许多免疫原仅代表第一波设计，可能需要继续调整和精心设计，以实现增强广度和效力的最终目标。现在正在为种系靶向、表位聚焦、和改进的免疫呈递，例如多价纳米颗粒掺入。本综述重点介绍了这些领域的一些最新进展，因为我们正在为后续几轮迭代疫苗开发准备下一代免疫原。