Abstract 3-D printing is a disruptive technology that can have enormous social and economic impacts in years to come. The technology, which took shape in the 1980's and was initially limited to manufacturing small products, is moving to large scale construction applications, utilizing concrete and other cementitious and binder materials. This paper presents a state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice of 3-D printing of concrete including a historical background and advances in equipment, materials, and computer modeling. Some demonstration projects are presented and opportunities and challenges associated with 3-D printing of concrete are identified. Formulation of ink utilizing local and in-situ materials is a major challenge and will continue to develop. Developments will also continue on large scale construction 3-D printers. The paper should be of value to both the seasoned researchers and beginners in 3-D printing, and also to those working on transitioning 3-D printing in construction from research to practice.

中文翻译：

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混凝土的 3D 打印：超越地平线

摘要 3-D 打印是一种颠覆性技术，在未来几年可能会产生巨大的社会和经济影响。该技术于 1980 年代形成，最初仅限于制造小产品，现在正在转向大规模建筑应用，利用混凝土和其他胶结材料和粘合剂材料。本文介绍了混凝土 3D 打印的最新技术和最新实践，包括历史背景以及设备、材料和计算机建模方面的进步。介绍了一些示范项目，并确定了与混凝土 3D 打印相关的机遇和挑战。利用本地和原位材料配制墨水是一项重大挑战，并将继续发展。大型建筑 3D 打印机的开发也将继续。