Abstract The outbreak of COVID-19 is severely affecting mental health worldwide, although individual response may vary. This study aims to investigate the psychological distress perceived by the Italian general population during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, and to analyze affective temperament and adult attachment styles as potential mediators. Through an online survey, we collected sociodemographic and lockdown-related information and evaluated distress, temperament, and attachment using the Kessler 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10), the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire short version (TEMPS-A) and the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). In our sample (n=500), 62% of the individuals reported no likelihood of psychological distress, whereas 19.4% and 18.6% displayed mild and moderate-to-severe likelihood. Cyclothymic (OR: 1.24; p<0.001), depressive (OR: 1.52; p<0.001) and anxious (OR: 1.58; p=0.002) temperaments, and the ASQ “Need for approval” (OR: 1.08; p=0.01) were risk factors for moderate-to-severe psychological distress compared to no distress, while the ASQ “Confidence” (OR: 0.89; p=0.002) and “Discomfort with closeness” were protective (OR: 0.92; p=0.001). Cyclothymic (OR: 1.17; p=0.008) and depressive (OR: 1.32; p=0.003) temperaments resulted as risk factors in subjects with moderate-to-severe psychological distress compared to mild distress, while the ASQ “Confidence” (OR: 0.92; p=0.039) and “Discomfort with closeness” (OR: 0.94; p=0.023) were protective. Our data indicated that a relevant rate of individuals may have experienced psychological distress following the COVID-19 outbreak. Specific affective temperament and attachment features predict the extent of mental health burden. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first data available on the psychological impact of the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on a sizeable sample of the Italian population. Moreover, our study is the first to investigate temperament and attachment characteristics in the psychological response to the ongoing pandemic. Our results provide further insight into developing targeted intervention strategies.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 爆发的情感气质、依恋风格和心理影响：关于意大利普通人群的早期报告

摘要 COVID-19 的爆发严重影响了全世界的心理健康，尽管个体反应可能会有所不同。本研究旨在调查意大利普通民众在 COVID-19 大流行早期感受到的心理困扰，并分析情感气质和成人依恋风格作为潜在的中介因素。通过在线调查，我们收集了社会人口学和封锁相关信息，并使用 Kessler 10 心理困扰量表 (K10)、孟菲斯、比萨、巴黎和圣地亚哥的气质评估-自动问卷简短版 (TEMPS) 评估了压力、气质和依恋-A) 和依恋风格问卷 (ASQ)。在我们的样本 (n=500) 中，62% 的人报告没有心理困扰的可能性，而 19.4% 和 18%。6% 表现出轻度和中度至重度的可能性。循环性（OR：1.24；p<0.001）、抑郁（OR：1.52；p<0.001）和焦虑（OR：1.58；p=0.002）气质，以及 ASQ“需要批准”（OR：1.08；p=0.01） ) 是中度至重度心理困扰与无困扰的风险因素，而 ASQ“信心”(OR：0.89；p=0.002) 和“亲密感不适”具有保护性(OR：0.92；p=0.001)。与轻度困扰相比，循环性（OR：1.17；p=0.008）和抑郁（OR：1.32；p=0.003）气质是中度至重度心理困扰受试者的风险因素，而 ASQ“信心”（OR： 0.92；p=0.039）和“亲密不舒服”（OR：0.94；p=0.023）是保护性的。我们的数据表明，在 COVID-19 爆发后，一定比例的个人可能经历过心理困扰。特定的情感气质和依恋特征可预测心理健康负担的程度。据我们所知，这些是关于 COVID-19 大流行早期对大量意大利人口样本的心理影响的第一批可用数据。此外，我们的研究首次调查了对持续大流行的心理反应中的气质和依恋特征。我们的结果为制定有针对性的干预策略提供了进一步的见解。这些是关于 COVID-19 大流行早期对大量意大利人口样本的心理影响的首批可用数据。此外，我们的研究首次调查了对持续大流行的心理反应中的气质和依恋特征。我们的结果为制定有针对性的干预策略提供了进一步的见解。这些是关于 COVID-19 大流行早期对大量意大利人口样本的心理影响的首批可用数据。此外，我们的研究首次调查了对持续大流行的心理反应中的气质和依恋特征。我们的结果为制定有针对性的干预策略提供了进一步的见解。