Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been introduced over twenty years ago to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive patients, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the deadliest diseases found worldwide. AIDS prevalence and mortality rates are usually more pronounced in resource-constrained countries than in the developed world. The lack of trained medical technicians, sophisticated diagnostic equipment, and the overall scarcity of medical infrastructures have severely impacted HIV/AIDS diagnostics, which hinders the initiation and periodic monitoring of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Currently, available HIV viral load assays are not well-suited for resource-limited settings due to their high cost and a requirement for medical/technical infrastructures. In this paper, we review current and emerging diagnostic assays for HIV detection, with a focus on point-of-care (POC) based immunoassays for viral load measurement, drug resistance, and HIV recurrence. We also discuss the limitations of the available HIV assays and highlight the technological advancements in cellphone, paper, and flexible material-based assays which have the potential to improve HIV diagnosis and monitoring, thus assisting with the management of the disease.

中文翻译：

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HIV诊断和监测的进展。

尽管二十多年前已经引入了高活性抗逆转录病毒疗法（HAART）来治疗人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）阳性患者，但获得性免疫缺陷综合症（AIDS）仍然是全世界发现的最致命的疾病之一。在资源有限的国家中，艾滋病的患病率和死亡率通常比发达国家更为明显。缺乏训练有素的医疗技术人员，复杂的诊断设备以及医疗基础设施的整体匮乏严重影响了HIV / AIDS诊断，这阻碍了抗逆转录病毒疗法（ART）的启动和定期监测。当前，可用的HIV病毒载量测定法成本高昂，并且需要医疗/技术基础设施，因此不适合资源有限的环境。在本文中，我们回顾了当前和新兴的HIV检测诊断方法，重点是基于即时点（POC）的免疫检测方法，用于病毒载量测量，耐药性和HIV复发。我们还讨论了可用的HIV检测方法的局限性，并重点介绍了手机，纸张和基于柔性材料的检测方法的技术进步，这些技术进步有可能改善HIV诊断和监测，从而有助于疾病的管理。