Using an online between-subject experiment, this study tested the effects of message framing (gain vs. loss), reference point (self vs. other), and modality (text vs. infographics) in the scenario of recycling promotion. The findings identified that modality determines under what circumstances message strategies make a difference in risk perception and optimistic bias. In particular, only when paired with infographics and other-referencing point are loss-framed messages more effective than gain-framed messages in increasing risk perception and reducing the self-other gap in perceived benefits. Moreover, risk perception variables and the self-other risk perceptual gap were significant predictors of promoted behavioral intentions.

中文翻译：

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显示，而不是告诉：信息图表与文本在消息策略对乐观偏差的差异影响中的权变作用

本研究使用在线受试者间实验，测试了信息框架（增益与损失）、参考点（自我与他人）和模式（文本与信息图表）在回收推广场景中的影响。研究结果表明，模式决定了在什么情况下信息策略会影响风险感知和乐观偏见。特别是，只有当与信息图表和其他参考点配对时，损失框架消息在增加风险感知和减少感知利益的自我其他差距方面比增益框架消息更有效。此外，风险感知变量和自我-其他风险感知差距是促进行为意图的重要预测因子。