Self-organization is a key mechanism through which cities spontaneously and dynamically evolve and adjust to changing circumstances (Allen, 1997; Batty, 2005; Portugali, 2000). It entails an emerging process: place-based actions and interactions of an unrestricted number of urban agents produce certain physical, social and economic patterns at a global level that in turn coordinate the expectations and actions of actors at the local level (Moroni and Cozzolino, 2019). While providing cities with the capacity to adapt, the spontaneous nature of urban self-organization also challenges planning aspirations (Rauws et al., 2016). Urban planning typically aims to coordinate urban development centrally. However, in the case of urban self-organization, a multitude of indirectly interacting actors unintentionally contribute to the emergence and persistence of urban patterns. This does not only imply that the exact course and outcomes of self-organization dynamics are very hard to predict, but it also means that fully planned and coordinated collective action is by definition impossible (Moroni et al., 2020: 220). Orthodox top-down approaches to city development are thus of limited help in dealing with the positive and negative effects of urban self-organization. Therefore, this special issue explores what kind of formal rules and other instruments enable planning to relate to urban self-organization. While impossible to fully plan and control, urban self-organization is sensitive to institutional and physical conditions. By targeting these conditions, planners can facilitate and guide urban self-organization (Rauws andDeRoo, 2016; Zhang et al., 2020: 287). How to do this effectively, while acknowledging that single actors have no direct responsibility for urban outcomes, is considered a real challenge here.

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自组织城市的框架规则：介绍

自组织是城市自发和动态演变并适应不断变化的环境的关键机制（Allen，1997；Batty，2005；Portugali，2000）。它需要一个新兴的过程：基于地点的行动和不限数量的城市代理人的互动在全球层面产生了某些物理、社会和经济模式，反过来又协调了地方层面行动者的期望和行动（莫罗尼和科佐利诺， 2019）。在为城市提供适应能力的同时，城市自组织的自发性也挑战了规划愿望（Rauws 等，2016）。城市规划通常旨在集中协调城市发展。然而，在城市自组织的情况下，众多间接相互作用的参与者无意中促成了城市模式的出现和持续。这不仅意味着自组织动力学的确切过程和结果很难预测，而且还意味着完全计划和协调的集体行动根据定义是不可能的（Moroni 等，2020：220）。因此，正统的自上而下的城市发展方法在应对城市自组织的积极和消极影响方面的帮助有限。因此，本期特刊探讨了什么样的正式规则和其他工具能够使规划与城市自组织相关联。虽然不可能完全规划和控制，但城市自组织对制度和物理条件很敏感。通过针对这些条件，规划者可以促进和引导城市自组织（Rauws 和 DeRoo，2016 年；Zhang 等人，2020 年：287）。如何有效地做到这一点，同时承认单一参与者对城市结果没有直接责任，被认为是一个真正的挑战。