Reinforcement-related cognitive processes, such as reward processing, inhibitory control and social-emotional regulation are critical components of externalising and internalising behaviours. It is unclear to what extent the deficit in each of these processes contributes to individual behavioural symptoms, how their neural substrates give rise to distinct behavioural outcomes and whether neural activation profiles across different reinforcement-related processes might differentiate individual behaviours. We created a statistical framework that enabled us to directly compare functional brain activation during reward anticipation, motor inhibition and viewing emotional faces in the European IMAGEN cohort of 2,000 14-year-old adolescents. We observe significant correlations and modulation of reward anticipation and motor inhibition networks in hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattentive behaviour and conduct symptoms, and we describe neural signatures across cognitive tasks that differentiate these behaviours. We thus characterise shared and distinct functional brain activation patterns underling different externalising symptoms and identify neural stratification markers, while accounting for clinically observed comorbidity.

中文翻译：

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强化相关行为的神经行为表征和分层。

强化相关的认知过程，如奖励处理、抑制控制和社会情绪调节是外化和内化行为的关键组成部分。目前尚不清楚每个过程中的缺陷在多大程度上导致个体行为症状，它们的神经基质如何产生不同的行为结果以及不同强化相关过程的神经激活谱是否可能区分个体行为。我们创建了一个统计框架，使我们能够直接比较 2,000 名 14 岁青少年的欧洲 IMAGEN 队列在奖励预期、运动抑制和观看情绪面孔期间的功能性大脑激活。我们观察到奖励预期和运动抑制网络在多动、冲动、注意力不集中的行为和行为症状中的显着相关性和调节，并且我们描述了区分这些行为的认知任务中的神经特征。因此，我们描述了不同外化症状下共享和不同的功能性大脑激活模式，并确定了神经分层标记，同时考虑了临床观察到的合并症。