The discovery, commercialization and administration of antibiotics revolutionized the world of medicine in the middle of the last century, generating a significant change in the therapeutic paradigm of the infectious diseases. Nevertheless, this great breakthrough was soon threatened due to the enormous adaptive ability that bacteria have, through which they are able to develop or acquire different mechanisms that allow them to survive the exposure to antibiotics. We are faced with a complex, multifactorial and inevitable but potentially manageable threat. To fight against it, a global and multidisciplinary approach is necessary, based on the support, guidance and training of the next generation of professionals. Nevertheless, the information published regarding the resistance mechanisms to antibiotics are abundant, varied and, unfortunately, not always well structured. The objective of this review is to structure the, in our opinion, most relevant and novel information regarding the mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics that has been published from January 2014 to September 2019, analysing their possible clinical and epidemiological impact.

抗生素的发现、商业化和管理在上世纪中叶彻底改变了医学界，使传染病的治疗范式发生了重大变化。然而，由于细菌具有巨大的适应能力，这一重大突破很快就受到威胁，通过这种能力，它们能够发展或获得不同的机制，使它们能够在暴露于抗生素的情况下存活下来。我们面临着一个复杂的、多因素的、不可避免但可能可控的威胁。为了对抗它，需要在下一代专业人员的支持、指导和培训的基础上，采取全球性和多学科的方法。尽管如此，已发表的关于抗生素耐药机制的信息丰富多样，不幸的是，并不总是结构良好。我们认为，本综述的目的是构建 2014 年 1 月至 2019 年 9 月发表的关于抗生素耐药机制的最相关和最新颖的信息，分析其可能的临床和流行病学影响。