Erosion of biodiversity generated by anthropogenic activities has been studied for decades and in many areas at the species level, using taxa monitoring. In contrast, genetic erosion within species has rarely been tracked, and is often studied by inferring past population dynamics from contemporaneous estimators. An alternative to such inferences is the direct examination of past genes, by analysing museum collection specimens. While providing direct access to genetic variation over time, historical DNA is usually not optimally preserved, and it is necessary to apply genotyping methods based on hybridization‐capture to unravel past genetic variation. In this study, we apply such a method (i.e., HyRAD), to large time series of two butterfly species in Finland, and present a new bioinformatic pipeline, namely PopHyRAD, that standardizes and optimizes the analysis of HyRAD data at the within‐species level. In the localities for which the data retrieved have sufficient power to accurately examine genetic dynamics through time, we show that genetic erosion has increased across the last 100 years, as revealed by signatures of allele extinctions and heterozygosity decreases, despite local variations. In one of the two butterflies (Erebia embla), isolation by distance also increased through time, revealing the effect of greater habitat fragmentation over time.

中文翻译：

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博物馆组学确定了 20 世纪芬兰两种蝴蝶物种的遗传侵蚀。

几十年来，人们一直在使用类群监测在物种水平上对人为活动造成的生物多样性侵蚀进行研究。相比之下，物种内的遗传侵蚀很少被追踪，通常通过从同期估计量推断过去的种群动态来研究。这种推断的另一种方法是通过分析博物馆收藏的标本直接检查过去的基因。虽然随着时间的推移提供对遗传变异的直接访问，但历史 DNA 通常没有得到最佳保存，因此有必要应用基于杂交捕获的基因分型方法来解开过去的遗传变异。在这项研究中，我们将这种方法（即 HyRAD）应用于芬兰两种蝴蝶的大型时间序列，并提出了一种新的生物信息学管道，即 P opH y RAD，在种内水平标准化和优化 HyRAD 数据的分析。在检索到的数据有足够能力准确检查随时间推移的遗传动力学的地区，我们表明，尽管存在局部差异，但正如等位基因灭绝和杂合性下降的特征所揭示的那样，遗传侵蚀在过去 100 年中有所增加。在两只蝴蝶中的一只（Erebia embla）中，距离隔离也随着时间的推移而增加，揭示了随着时间的推移栖息地更加破碎化的影响。