Few studies have evaluated the response of ungulate populations to wind energy development. Recent demand for wind-generated electricity coupled with a tendency for wind-energy facilities to be sited within suitable pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) winter range make this a critical issue for conservation of this icon of western North America. We evaluated pronghorn response to wind energy development at the winter home range scale, as well as within individual winter home ranges using data collected from 47 adult female pronghorn equipped with Global Positioning System transmitters. At both scales, we developed separate resource selection models for pronghorn before (winter 2010) and after (winters 2011 and 2012) development of the Dunlap Ranch wind energy facility in south-central Wyoming to evaluate the potential impacts of wind energy infrastructure on pronghorn winter resource selection. In general, pronghorn winter resource selection was correlated with greater sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) cover, lower snow depth, and lower slopes before and after wind energy development at both scales. At the larger scale, pronghorn selected home ranges closer to wind turbines during all winters. Within home ranges, pronghorn selected areas closer to future locations of wind turbines at Dunlap Ranch during 2010 before turbine erection. However, we found evidence that pronghorn avoided wind turbines in winters after development within their winter home ranges. This relationship was most evident during winter 2011, which coincided with the most severe winter of our study. Long-term replicated studies will be necessary to make inferences for pronghorn populations exposed to wind energy development in different environments and scales than we evaluated. Nonetheless, in the absence of additional information on how ungulates respond to wind energy development, our finding that pronghorn avoided wind turbines within their winter home ranges has important implications for future wind development projects, particularly in areas known to fulfill important seasonal requirements of pronghorn populations.

很少有研究评估有蹄类动物种群对风能发展的反应。最近对风力发电的需求，加上在合适的叉角羚中安放风能设施的趋势（美洲美洲）冬季山脉使其成为保护这个北美西部标志的关键问题。我们使用从配备了全球定位系统发射器的47名成年雌性叉角羚收集的数据评估了叉角羚在冬季家庭范围尺度以及各个冬季家庭范围内对风能发展的响应。在这两个规模上，我们在怀俄明州中南部的邓拉普牧场风能设施开发之前（2010年冬季）和之后（2011年冬季和2011年冬季）开发了叉角羚的单独资源选择模型，以评估风能基础设施对叉角羚冬季的潜在影响资源选择。一般而言，叉角冬季资源的选择与较大的鼠尾草相关（蒿spp。）覆盖，较低的积雪深度以及在两个尺度上风能开发前后的较低坡度。从更大的角度来看，叉角在整个冬季都选择了更靠近风力涡轮机的住宅范围。在家庭范围内，叉角羚在2010年涡轮机安装之前在邓拉普牧场选择了更靠近风力涡轮机未来位置的区域。但是，我们发现有证据表明叉角羚在冬季栖息地范围内发展后的冬季避免使用风力涡轮机。这种关系在2011年冬季最为明显，与我们研究中最严峻的冬季相吻合。长期重复研究对于推断与我们评估不同的环境和规模下暴露于风能开发的叉角羚种群将是必要的。尽管如此，