Azadirachtin is an efficient biopesticide, and it is considered safe for natural enemies because its mode of action is mainly by ingestion. The predator, Podisus nigrispinus Dallas, is found in various agroecosystems as a potential tool for biological control. However, there is much debate on the safety of this stinkbug if azadirachtin is used. Thus, we evaluated the cellular and humoral responses as well as biochemical parameters of the fifth‐instar nymphs of P. nigrispinus treated with azadirachtin. The insects were divided into three treatment groups and sprayed with azadirachtin (Azamax®), deltamethrin (Decis®), and water (control). After 24 h, total and differential hemocyte counts were performed. The analysis of phenoloxidase activity and quantification of nitric oxide, lipids, sugar, glycogen, and protein were performed after an interval of 24 and 72 h. Azadirachtin was found to affect the immune system of this stinkbug and decrease the number of hemocytes, especially pro‐hemocytes and oenocytoids, and it may have caused a reduction in phenoloxidase activity and nitric oxide level. In addition, the decrease in protein levels indicated the interference of azadirachtin in protein synthesis. We conclude that damage caused by the botanical insecticide has been less harmful than that caused by the synthetic insecticide, but use of azadirachtin may still interfere with biological control due to undesirable immune system damage reducing predator efficiency.

中文翻译：

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印a素喷洒的黑尾Po若虫的免疫和营养反应

印za素是一种有效的生物农药，由于其作用方式主要是通过食入，因此被认为对天敌是安全的。捕食者Podisus nigrispinus Dallas被发现于各种农业生态系统中，可作为生物防治的潜在工具。但是，如果使用印苦dir子素，关于这种臭臭虫的安全性存在很多争议。因此，我们评估了P. nigrispinus的五龄若虫的细胞和体液反应以及生化参数。用印za素治疗。将昆虫分为三个处理组，并用印za素（Azamax®），溴氰菊酯（Decis®）和水（对照）喷洒。24小时后，进行总和差异血细胞计数。在间隔24至72小时后，进行了酚氧化酶活性的分析以及一氧化氮，脂质，糖，糖原和蛋白质的定量分析。印za素被发现会影响这种臭臭虫的免疫系统，并减少血细胞的数量，尤其是前血细胞和卵细胞样细胞，并且可能导致酚氧化酶活性和一氧化氮水平降低。另外，蛋白质水平的降低表明印za素对蛋白质合成的干扰。