The attraction of the Digitonthophagus gazella dung beetle to the excreta of cattle treated with ivermectin (IVM) at 1% under controlled and field conditions (Phase 1) as well as the lethal (mortality) and sublethal effects (fecundity, emergence, and dung removal) of the excreta of bovines treated with IVM‐1% and IVM‐3.15% were evaluated (Phase 2). In Phase 1, an olfactometer was used to evaluate the attraction/repellency in the laboratory and field‐controlled conditions using faeces of cattle recovered on 5, 14, 21 and 28 days posttreatment (DPT) from animals treated with IVM‐1% (0.2 mg/kg) and untreated animals. Under field conditions, pitfall traps baited with faeces from animals treated with IVM‐1% (5 DPT), and untreated animals were used to evaluate the attraction/repellency for D. gazella. In all three experiments, the faeces of treated cattle did not affect (P > 0.05) the attraction/repellency of D. gazella towards IVM‐1% (P > 0.05). In Phase 2, six cattle were used: (1) three treated with subcutaneous IVM‐1% 0.2 mg/kg and (2) three treated with subcutaneous IVM‐3.15% (0.63 mg/kg). The collection of faeces was at −1 (control), 5, 14, 21 and 28 DPT. Each bioassay consisted of a terrarium with a pair of sexually mature beetles, where they received 50 g of faeces for 10 days with 15 replicates per group. The bioassays consisted of nine groups: control, IVM‐1% at 5, 14, 21 and 28 DPT and IVM‐3.15% at 5, 14, 21 and 28 DPT. There were no lethal effects on adults of D. gazella when exposed to faeces treated with IVM‐1% and IVM‐3.15%; however, faeces collected at 5 DPT from cattle treated with IVM‐1% and IVM‐3.15% showed a significant reduction in the average number of brood masses produced and in the average number of imagoes emerged (P < 0.05). There were no differences in faeces removal between treatments. In conclusion, D. gazella does not discriminate between faeces of cattle treated with IVM and untreated, and there were no lethal effects seen; however, fertility was significantly reduced at 5 DPT.

中文翻译：

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评价经伊维菌素处理的牛粪对粪便甲虫Digitonthophagus gazella的吸引力，致死力和亚致死力（鞘翅目：甲虫科）

在控制和田间条件下（阶段1），用伊维菌素（IVM）处理的牛粪中的Digitonthophagus gazella粪便甲虫的吸引力以及致死性（死亡率）和亚致死作用（生殖力，出苗和去除粪便）对伊维菌素（IVM）处理的牛的粪便的吸引力）评估了用IVM-1％和IVM-3.15％处理的牛的排泄物（阶段2）。在第1阶段，使用嗅觉计评估在实验室和田间控制条件下的吸引力/排斥力，方法是使用DVM处理后第5、14、21和28天从接受IVM-1％（0.2 mg / kg）和未经治疗的动物。在野外条件下，使用IVM-1％（5 DPT）处理过的动物的粪便诱捕陷阱，并使用未经处理的动物评估瞪羚的吸引力/驱避性。在所有三个实验中，处理过的牛的粪便不影响（P  > 0.05）的吸引/排斥性D.羚朝向IVM-1％（P  > 0.05）。在第2阶段中，使用了六头牛：（1）三只经皮下IVM-1％0.2 mg / kg处理，（2）三头经皮下IVM-3.15％（0.63 mg / kg）处理。粪便的收集为-1（对照），5、14、21和28 DPT。每种生物测定法均由一个玻璃容器和一对性成熟的甲虫组成，它们在其中接受50 g粪便10天，每组重复15次。生物测定法由九组组成：对照组，5、14、21和28 DPT的IVM-1％和5、14、21和28 DPT的IVM-3.15％。对D. gazella的成年人没有致死作用当暴露于用IVM-1％和IVM-3.15％处理的粪便时; 但是，在5 DPT时从用IVM-1％和IVM-3.15％处理的牛收集的粪便表明，平均产卵量显着减少，平均成虫数量减少（P  <0.05）。治疗之间的粪便清除没有差异。总之，瞪羚不区分使用IVM处理的牛粪和未经治疗的牛粪，也没有发现致死作用。但是，生育力在5 DPT时显着降低。