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Modularity of the Neck in Birds (Aves)
Evolutionary Biology ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-18 , DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09495-w
Léa Terray , Olivia Plateau , Anick Abourachid , Christine Böhmer , Arnaud Delapré , Xavier de la Bernardie , Raphaël Cornette

The neck connects the head and the trunk and is the key structure allowing all movements of the head. The neck morphology of birds is the most variable among living tetrapods, including significant differences in the number and shape of the cervical vertebrae. Despite these differences, according to the literature, three morphofunctional regions (i.e., modules) have been identified along the neck. However, this regionalization has not been quantitatively tested through a geometric morphometric approach applied to the cervical vertebrae. Based on the examination of 187 cervical vertebrae belonging to 16 species with various ecologies, we revealed a common modular structure of the neck using 3D surface geometric morphometrics. We adopted an approach without a priori clustering to identify modules along the neck. The phylogenetic influence on each module was tested. Then, each module was digitally reconstructed as a 3D vertebral model, and postural characteristics were studied. We characterized 9 modules: 7 are transpecific, being shared by at least 2 and up to 15 species. Two modules are specific to species with particularly long necks. The modularity pattern appears to be tightly linked to morphofunctional aspects and partially to phylogeny. In contrast, feeding ecology seems to be more closely related to the chaining of modules (the neck) than to the modules themselves. A study of postural properties revealed that each modular unit exhibits a characteristic curvature. Overall, the modular structure of the neck corresponds to the three traditional functional regions. However, the results also revealed unexpected pattern complexity, including subdivisions within these regions. The study of the patterns of modularity is therefore a relevant approach for challenging the three-functional-region hypothesis and allowed us to identify the structure of the diversity of the necks of birds.

中文翻译:

鸟类颈部的模块化(Aves)

颈部连接头部和躯干,并且是允许头部进行所有运动的关键结构。在活四足动物中,鸟类的颈部形态变化最大,包括颈椎的数量和形状上的显着差异。尽管存在这些差异,但根据文献,沿颈部已识别出三个形态功能区(即模块)。但是,这种区域化还没有通过应用于颈椎的几何形态计量学方法进行定量测试。在检查了16种具有各种生态学的187种颈椎椎骨后,我们使用3D表面几何形态学揭示了一种常见的颈部模块化结构。我们采用了一种无需先验聚类的方法来识别沿脖子的模块。测试了对每个模块的系统发育影响。然后,将每个模块数字重建为3D椎骨模型,并研究姿势特征。我们表征了9个模块:7个是反转录的,至少有2种和多达15种共有。两个模块特定于脖子特别长的物种。模块化模式似乎与形态功能方面紧密相连,并在某种程度上与系统发育有关。相反,进食生态学似乎与模块(颈部)的链更紧密地相关,而不是与模块本身相关。对姿势特性的研究表明,每个模块化单元均显示出特征曲率。总体而言,颈部的模块化结构对应于三个传统功能区域。但是,结果还显示出意外的模式复杂性,包括这些区域内的细分。因此,对模块化模式的研究是一种质疑三功能区假说的相关方法,它使我们能够确定鸟类脖子多样性的结构。
更新日期:2020-03-18
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