Both the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation program (REDD+) and community-based forest management (CBFM) aim to combat forest degradation and deforestation on various levels. Both approaches include multiple objectives such as carbon sequestration, livelihood improvement and forest tenure reform. New institutions, such as community-forest management boards or REDD+ implementation agencies, are being introduced to achieve sustainable development in the forestry sector. However, the way REDD+ affects local CBFM systems and community livelihoods remains understudied. This study analyzes the effects of REDD+ on CBFM systems in Vietnam. We selected four research communes (sub-district level units) and we conducted household surveys (n = 187), focus group discussions (n = 4), expert interviews (n = 8) and secondary data analysis (n = 23). Our findings show that in one commune REDD+ introduced CBFM and forestland allocation to communities in accordance with their customary boundaries. In another commune, REDD+ was implemented in a pre-existing CBFM and institutional landscape, and the program had little effect on households’ livelihoods. The implementation of CBFM in all four communes led to further consolidation of influence of formal institutions and a higher level of formalization among involved communities. Based on the results of this study, we propose a novel typology on CBFM systems in a post-REDD+ era. This typology takes the level of formalization, marketization, globalization and forest dependence of respective households, which make up a community, into account. We present CBFM systems on a spectrum from customary to formal, and we highlight the need to adapt REDD+ and CBFM to individual households’ livelihood trajectories.

中文翻译：

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REDD +作为基于社区的森林管理工具？越南的重要见解

减少毁林和森林退化计划（REDD +）和基于社区的森林管理（CBFM）的排放量都旨在在各个层面上应对森林退化和毁林。两种方法都包括多个目标，例如固碳，改善生计和森林使用权改革。正在引入新的机构，例如社区森林管理委员会或REDD +实施机构，以实现林业部门的可持续发展。但是，REDD +影响当地CBFM系统和社区生计的方式仍未得到研究。这项研究分析了REDD +对越南CBFM系统的影响。我们选择了四个研究公社（街道一级的单位），并进行了家庭调查（n = 187），焦点小组讨论（n = 4），专家访谈（n = 8）和辅助数据分析（n = 23）。我们的研究结果表明，REDD +在一个公社中按照社区的习惯边界将CBFM和林地分配引入了社区。在另一个公社中，REDD +是在先前存在的CBFM和机构环境中实施的，该计划对家庭生计几乎没有影响。在所有四个社区中实施CBFM导致了正规机构影响力的进一步巩固和所涉社区之间更高程度的正规化。基于这项研究的结果，我们提出了后REDD +时代的一种新型的CBFM系统类型。这种类型考虑了组成社区的各个家庭的形式化，市场化，全球化和对森林的依赖程度。