Although many animals typically defend key resources from conspecifics during encounters, tolerant encounters also occur frequently in some primate species. For example, African apes and humans (Homininae) show large variation in terms of agonistic and affiliative intergroup relationships, and local human communities are formed via a network of affiliative relationships among groups. To understand this variation and its evolution, we need to examine the variation between species, between populations, and within populations. In the genus Pan , both eastern and western chimpanzees commonly express aggressive intergroup relationships, whereas intergroup relationships in bonobos are generally affiliative. In the genus Gorilla , although the proportions of groups with multiple males differ, all subspecies show large overlap of home ranges and both aggressive and affiliative intergroup interactions. Differences in intergroup relationships among local populations of the same (sub)species are limited in both Pan and Gorilla . In contrast, intergroup relationships vary within the same local populations in bonobos, with female dispersal among groups seemingly contributing to the affiliative relationships. Such tendencies in bonobos seem to resemble those in local human communities, where intergroup relationships differ for different combinations of groups and female dispersal among groups plays an important role in affiliative relationships. Intergroup relationships within the same local populations also vary from affiliative to aggressive in all subspecies of gorillas, and kin relations between leading males play important roles in affiliative relationships. Studies of variation in intergroup relationships, the contributions of males and females to such variation, and the genetic structure of local populations might increase our understanding of the evolutionary process underpinning local communities in Homininae.

中文翻译：

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非洲类人猿物种间、本地种群间及种群内群际关系的变化

尽管许多动物在遭遇时通常会保护关键资源免受同种的伤害，但在某些灵长类物种中也经常发生宽容的遭遇。例如，非洲猿和人类（人科）在对抗性和从属关系方面表现出很大的差异，当地人类社区是通过群体之间的从属关系网络形成的。要了解这种变异及其演变，我们需要检查物种之间、种群之间和种群内的变异。在 Pan 属中，东部和西部黑猩猩通常都表现出侵略性的群际关系，而倭黑猩猩的群际关系通常是从属关系。在大猩猩属中，虽然多雄性群体的比例不同，所有亚种都显示出家庭范围的大量重叠以及攻击性和亲和性的群际相互作用。在潘和大猩猩中，同一（亚）种的当地种群之间的群际关系差异是有限的。相比之下，倭黑猩猩的同一本地种群内的群际关系各不相同，群体之间的雌性分散似乎促成了从属关系。倭黑猩猩的这种倾向似乎与当地人类社区的倾向相似，在当地人类社区中，群体间关系因群体的不同组合而异，而群体之间的女性分散在从属关系中起着重要作用。在所有亚种的大猩猩中，同一本地种群内的群际关系也从从属到攻击性不等，领导男性之间的亲属关系在从属关系中起着重要作用。对群体间关系变异、男性和女性对这种变异的贡献以及当地种群的遗传结构的研究可能会增加我们对支撑人科当地社区的进化过程的理解。