Incineration is widely adopted in municipal solid waste management, which produces large amounts of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. The harmless treatment of MSWI fly ash requires the appropriate disposal of heavy metals and dioxins that are enriched in fly ash. This review summarizes recently developed harmless disposal methods for MSWI fly ash including solidification/stabilization, thermal treatment, and separation/extraction. In addition, we discuss heavy metal and dioxin fixation, and the removal capacity of fly ash via solidification/stabilization (including cement solidification, chemical stabilization, hydrothermal processes, and mechano-chemical methods), thermal treatment (including sintering, fuel-burning, or electric melting/vitrification), and separation/extraction (including water-washing, chemical reagent leaching, biological leaching, electrodialysis separation, chemical reagent extraction, and nanomaterials extraction). The advantages and disadvantages of different harmless treatment methods are compared and future research prospects and suggestions are summarized. This review provides general guidelines for the harmless treatment of MSWI fly ash in the future.

中文翻译：

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城市生活垃圾焚烧粉煤灰无害化处理综述

焚化被广泛用于城市固体废物管理，产生大量的城市固体废物焚化（MSWI）飞灰。MSWI粉煤灰的无害处理需要适当处理富含粉煤灰的重金属和二恶英。这篇综述总结了最近开发的用于MSWI粉煤灰的无害处理方法，包括固化/稳定化，热处理和分离/提取。此外，我们还讨论了重金属和二恶英的固定，以及通过固化/稳定化（包括水泥固化，化学稳定化，水热过程和机械化学方法），热处理（包括烧结，燃料燃烧，或电熔/玻璃化）和分离/萃取（包括水洗，化学试剂浸出，生物浸出，电渗析分离，化学试剂提取和纳米材料提取）。比较了各种无害化处理方法的优缺点，总结了今后的研究前景和建议。这篇评论为将来无害处理MSWI粉煤灰提供了一般指导。