As part of the archaeological study of Nahal Amram in the ‘Araba valley, copper slag samples from a mining camp dating from the 5th millennium BCE until the 1st millennium AD were chemically analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in an attempt to determine the technological level of production in each of the site’s occupation. The method provides a tool to distinguish between slag of various technological phases and periods. Thus, the slags from different sites in Nahal Amram related roughly to four stages of metallurgy development. These metallurgical results indicate the reuse of slag from earlier periods in later periods in order to produce more copper from the slag as a result of more complex production methods that were available in the later periods. Thus, in Nahal Amram, we can observe a real technological development of metallurgical production from earlier to later periods based almost exclusively upon the results of slag analyses. The results were compared with other smelting sites in the region.

中文翻译：

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通过分析以色列Nahal Amram的炉渣检测铜技术的变化

作为'Araba谷地Nahal Amram考古研究的一部分，对来自公元前5世纪至公元1世纪的采矿营地的铜渣样品进行了X射线荧光（XRF）化学分析，以试图确定每个站点职业的生产技术水平。该方法提供了区分各种技术阶段和时期的炉渣的工具。因此，来自Nahal Amram不同地点的炉渣大致与冶金发展的四个阶段有关。这些冶金结果表明，由于后期可以使用更复杂的生产方法，为了在炉渣中生产更多的铜，可以在较晚的时期对炉渣进行再利用。因此，在纳哈姆·阿姆兰（Nahal Amram），我们几乎可以完全根据炉渣分析的结果观察到冶金生产从早期到后期的真正技术发展。将结果与该地区的其他冶炼厂进行了比较。