Spider wasps of the genus Minagenia have evolved koinobiontism as a relatively rare life strategy within the widely diversified hymenopteran family Pompilidae. In this study, we evaluated several aspects of the parasitic strategy of the wasp Minagenia sp. (hereafter, Minagenia) - namely host specificity, ontogeny, and sex determination as a function of host size. We found that Minagenia is highly host specific, being associated only with the genus Lycosa from the family Lycosidae, namely Lycosa u-album (Mello-Leitão, 1938), Lycosa erythrognatha (Lucas, 1836) and Lycosa poliostoma (Koch, 1847) with a parasitism incidence of 18.9%, 15.8% and 12.5%, respectively. Both ecological and taxonomical host traits determine the host selection and sex allocation of Minagenia female wasps. Charnov's host-size model explains Minagenia's host-size-dependent sex ratio in combination with the effect of host development stage, host species, and host foraging strategy. We also found that the final instar larva of Minagenia induces behavioural changes in spider hosts. The manipulated spider builds a protective silk chamber as a shelter for parasitoid pupation. Our results suggest that host manipulation seems to be narrowly connected with koinobiont life style throughout Hymenoptera. This study provides new information about the host-parasitoid koinobiont life strategy among spider wasps, which probably arose convergently in distant taxonomical groups within Pompilidae.

中文翻译：

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蜘蛛黄蜂 Minagenia（膜翅目，Pompilidae）的 Koinobint 生活方式及其对宿主选择和性别分配的影响

Minagenia 属的蜘蛛黄蜂已经进化出 koinobiontism 作为一种在广泛多样化的膜翅目昆虫家族 Pompilidae 中相对罕见的生命策略。在这项研究中，我们评估了黄蜂 Minagenia sp. 寄生策略的几个方面。（以下简称 Minagenia） - 即宿主特异性、个体发育和性别决定作为宿主大小的函数。我们发现 Minagenia 具有高度的宿主特异性，仅与 Lycosidae 科的 Lycosa 属相关，即 Lycosa u-album (Mello-Leitão, 1938)、Lycosa erythrognatha (Lucas, 1836) 和 Lycosa poliostoma (Koch, 1847)寄生发生率分别为 18.9%、15.8% 和 12.5%。生态和分类宿主特征决定了 Minagenia 雌性黄蜂的宿主选择和性别分配。Charnov 的主机大小模型解释了 Minagenia' s 寄主大小依赖的性别比例结合寄主发育阶段、寄主种类和寄主觅食策略的影响。我们还发现 Minagenia 的最后一龄幼虫诱导蜘蛛宿主的行为变化。被操纵的蜘蛛建造了一个保护性的丝室，作为寄生蜂蛹的庇护所。我们的结果表明，宿主操作似乎与整个膜翅目中的 koinobiont 生活方式密切相关。这项研究提供了有关蜘蛛黄蜂中寄主-寄生蜂 koinobiont 生活策略的新信息，这些信息可能集中出现在 Pompilidae 内的远距离分类群中。被操纵的蜘蛛建造了一个保护性的丝室，作为寄生蜂蛹的庇护所。我们的结果表明，宿主操作似乎与整个膜翅目中的 koinobiont 生活方式密切相关。这项研究提供了有关蜘蛛黄蜂中寄主-寄生蜂 koinobiont 生活策略的新信息，这些信息可能集中出现在 Pompilidae 内的远距离分类群中。被操纵的蜘蛛建造了一个保护性的丝室，作为寄生蜂蛹的庇护所。我们的结果表明，宿主操作似乎与整个膜翅目中的 koinobiont 生活方式密切相关。这项研究提供了有关蜘蛛黄蜂中寄主-寄生蜂 koinobiont 生活策略的新信息，这些信息可能集中出现在 Pompilidae 内的远距离分类群中。