Abstract This paper reviews the past distribution of Aleppo pine woodlands in the Ebro Basin, Northeastern Iberia, from the Mesolithic to Modern times based on wood charcoal data. The aim is to detail the chronological timing and the drivers explaining the long-term presence of Aleppo pine woodlands and associated thermophilous flora. The available charcoal data support the early spread of Pinus halepensis during the Mesolithic (ca. 9000 cal BP) accompanied by Mediterranean trees and shrubs like Quercus sp. evergreen, Juniperus sp., Arbutus unedo, Pistacia lentiscus, Rhamnus/Phillyrea, Cistaceae, and Rosmarinus officinalis, as a local response to global climate change in the Early Holocene. During the arrival and the propagation of the Neolithic culture (ca. 7500–5500 cal BP), anthracological records, as well as regional palynological sequences, demonstrate the progressive replacement of an conifer-dominated open parkland by both Quercus sp. deciduous and evergreen woodlands in response to the Middle Holocene rise in temperature and humidity. This evidence, however, converges with the general idea that the presence and the spread of Pinus halepensis and associated scrubland have usually been attributed to the onset of landscape anthropization. The frequency of xero-thermophilous open scrubland and the use of Aleppo pine for fuel and woodcrafting progressively increased during the Bronze and Iron Ages, and especially in Ibero-Roman and Medieval/Islamic times, when the vegetation landscape in the Middle Ebro Basin was largely deforested as a consequence of increasing demographic pressure, grazing and the establishment of proto-urban centers.

中文翻译：

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埃布罗盆地（西班牙东北部）阿勒颇松（Pinus halepensis Mill.）林地的全新世历史：气候偏向还是人为因素？

摘要 本文根据木炭资料，回顾了伊比利亚东北部埃布罗盆地阿勒颇松林地从中石器时代到现代的历史分布。目的是详细说明阿勒颇松林地和相关嗜热植物群长期存在的时间顺序和驱动因素。可用的木炭数据支持在中石器时代（约 9000 cal BP）伴随着地中海树木和灌木（如栎属植物）的早期传播。常绿、杜松属、杨梅、黄连木、鼠李属/Phillilyrea、Cistaceae 和迷迭香，作为对全新世早期全球气候变化的局部响应。在新石器时代文化（约 7500-5500 cal BP）的到来和传播期间，人类学记录以及区域孢粉序列，展示了两种 Quercus sp. 逐渐取代了以针叶树为主的开放公园。落叶和常绿林地以应对全新世中期温度和湿度的升高。然而，这一证据与一般观点一致，即黑松和相关灌木丛的存在和传播通常归因于景观人类化的开始。在青铜器和铁器时代，尤其是在伊比利亚-罗马和中世纪/伊斯兰时代，干热开放式灌木丛的使用频率以及阿勒颇松用于燃料和木工的频率逐渐增加，当时埃布罗盆地中部的植被景观主要是由于人口压力的增加、放牧和原始城市中心的建立，森林被砍伐。