Confining molecules can fundamentally change their chemical and physical properties. Confinement effects are considered instrumental at various stages of the origins of life, and life continues to rely on layers of compartmentalization to maintain an out-of-equilibrium state and efficiently synthesize complex biomolecules under mild conditions. As interest in synthetic confined systems grows, we are realizing that the principles governing reactivity under confinement are the same in abiological systems as they are in nature. In this Review, we categorize the ways in which nanoconfinement effects impact chemical reactivity in synthetic systems. Under nanoconfinement, chemical properties can be modulated to increase reaction rates, enhance selectivity and stabilize reactive species. Confinement effects also lead to changes in physical properties. The fluorescence of light emitters, the colours of dyes and electronic communication between electroactive species can all be tuned under confinement. Within each of these categories, we elucidate design principles and strategies that are widely applicable across a range of confined systems, specifically highlighting examples of different nanocompartments that influence reactivity in similar ways.

中文翻译：

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纳米约束下的化学反应性。

限制分子可以从根本上改变其化学和物理性质。限制作用被认为在生命起源的各个阶段起着重要作用，并且生命继续依靠分隔层来维持失衡状态并在温和条件下有效合成复杂的生物分子。随着人们对合成密闭系统的兴趣的增长，我们意识到在密闭系统中控制反应性的原理在生物系统中与在自然界中相同。在这篇综述中，我们对纳米约束作用影响合成系统化学反应的方式进行了分类。在纳米约束下，可以调节化学性质以提高反应速率，提高选择性并稳定反应性物种。限制作用还导致物理性质的变化。发射光的荧光，染料的颜色以及电活性物质之间的电子通讯都可以在有限的范围内进行调节。在这些类别的每一个类别中，我们阐明了可在一系列密闭系统中广泛应用的设计原理和策略，特别强调了以相似方式影响反应性的不同纳米隔室的示例。