Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that improve the health of the host when administered in adequate quantities. Nonetheless, probiotics encounter extreme environmental conditions during food processing or along the gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses different environmental stresses that affect probiotics during food preparation, storage, and along the alimentary canal, including high temperature, low temperature, low and alkaline pH, oxidative stress, high hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and starvation. The understanding of how probiotics deal with environmental stress and thrive provides useful information to guide the selection of the strains with enhanced performance in specific situations, in food processing or during gastrointestinal transit. In most cases, multiple biological functions are affected upon exposure of the cell to environmental stress. Sensing of sublethal environmental stress can allow for adaptation processes to occur, which can include alterations in the expression of specific proteins.

中文翻译：

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关于益生菌乳酸菌对环境压力的反应的最新了解，以及蛋白质组学分析的重点

益生菌被定义为当以足够的量施用时能改善宿主健康的活微生物。但是，益生菌在食品加工过程中或在胃肠道中会遇到极端的环境条件。这篇综述讨论了在食物制备，储存和消化道中影响益生菌的不同环境压力，包括高温，低温，低和碱性pH，氧化压力，高静水压，渗透压和饥饿。对益生菌如何应对环境压力和蓬勃发展的理解，为指导在特定情况下，食品加工中或胃肠道运输过程中具有增强性能的菌株的选择提供了有用的信息。在多数情况下，细胞暴露于环境胁迫下会影响多种生物学功能。亚致死环境压力的感测可以允许适应过程的发生，这可能包括特定蛋白质表达的改变。