Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two common autoimmune rheumatic diseases that vary in severity, clinical presentation, and disease course between individuals. Molecular and genetic studies of both diseases have identified candidate genes and molecular pathways that are linked to various disease outcomes and treatment responses. Currently, patients can be grouped into molecular subsets in each disease, and these molecular categories should enable precision medicine approaches to be applied in rheumatic diseases. In this article, we will review key lessons learned about disease heterogeneity and molecular characterization in rheumatology, which we hope will lead to personalized therapeutic strategies.

中文翻译：

---

风湿病精准医学的经验教训

系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 和类风湿性关节炎 (RA) 是两种常见的自身免疫性风湿性疾病，其严重程度、临床表现和病程因人而异。这两种疾病的分子和遗传研究已经确定了与各种疾病结果和治疗反应相关的候选基因和分子途径。目前，可以将患者分为每种疾病的分子亚群，这些分子类别应该使精准医学方法能够应用于风湿病。在本文中，我们将回顾在风湿病学中关于疾病异质性和分子特征的关键经验教训，我们希望这些经验教训能够带来个性化的治疗策略。