We investigated the histology of Duvernoy's venom gland and the biochemical and biological activities of Leptodeira annulata snake venom. The venom gland had a lobular organization, with secretory tubules formed by serous epithelial cells surrounding each lobular duct. The latter drained into a common lobular duct and subsequently into a central cistern. In contrast, the supralabial gland was mucous in nature. SDS-PAGE revealed a profile of venom components that differed from pitviper (Bothrops spp.) venoms. RP-HPLC also revealed greater complexity of this venom compared to Bothrops venoms. The venom had no esterase, l-amino acid oxidase or thrombin-like activity, but was proteolytic towards elastin-Congo red, fibrin, fibrinogen, gelatin and hide powder azure. The venom showed strong α-fibrinogenase and fibrinolytic activities and reduced the rate and extent of plasma recalcification. The proteolytic activity was inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline (metalloproteinase inhibitors) but not by AEBSF and PMSF (serine proteinase inhibitors). The venom had phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity that was inhibited by varespladib. The venom cross-reacted with antivenoms to lancehead (Bothrops spp.), coralsnake (Micrurus spp.) and rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venoms. The venom did not aggregate rat platelets or inhibit collagen-induced aggregation, but partially inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation. The venom was hemorrhagic (inhibited by EDTA) and increased the vascular permeability (inhibited by varespladib) in rat dorsal skin. In gastrocnemius muscle, the venom caused myonecrosis and increased serum creatine kinase concentrations. In conclusion, L. annulata venom has various enzymatic and biological activities, with the local effects being mediated primarily by metalloproteinases and PLA2.

中文翻译：

---

环线虫（带状猫眼蛇；蛇蝎科，Imandodini）毒液的毒理学表征。

我们调查了杜维诺伊毒液腺的组织学以及环线虫蛇毒的生化和生物学活性。毒腺具有小叶组织，分泌小管由围绕每个小叶导管的浆液性上皮细胞形成。后者排入小叶总管，然后排入中央水箱。相反，臀上腺本质上是粘液。SDS-PAGE揭示了毒液成分的特征，该成分不同于pitviper（Bothrops spp。）毒液。RP-HPLC还显示，与Bothrops毒液相比，该毒液的复杂性更高。该毒液没有酯酶，L-氨基酸氧化酶或类凝血酶活性，但对弹性蛋白-刚果红，纤维蛋白，纤维蛋白原，明胶和生皮粉天青蛋白水解。毒液显示出很强的α-纤维蛋白原酶和纤溶活性，并降低了血浆再钙化的速度和程度。EDTA和1,10-菲咯啉（金属蛋白酶抑制剂）可抑制蛋白水解活性，而AEBSF和PMSF（丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂）则不会抑制蛋白水解活性。毒液具有磷脂酶A2（PLA2）活性，该活性被varespladib抑制。该毒液与抗蛇毒血清交叉反应成矛头（Bothrops spp。），珊瑚蛇（Micrurus spp。）和响尾蛇（Crotalus durissus terrificus）毒液。毒液不聚集大鼠血小板或抑制胶原蛋白诱导的聚集，但部分抑制凝血酶诱导的聚集。该毒液具有出血性（被EDTA抑制）并增加了大鼠背部皮肤的血管通透性（被varespladib抑制）。在腓肠肌中 毒液会导致坏死并增加血清肌酸激酶的浓度。总之，环线虫毒液具有多种酶和生物活性，其局部作用主要由金属蛋白酶和PLA2介导。