Catalyzed by multiple groups of phylogenetically distinct microorganisms, soil nitrification impacts ground water quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and agricultural practices. This review explores known microbial players involved in nitrification, encompassing aspects of biogeography, phylogenetic diversity, physiology, and activity. We discuss distributions and activities of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and bacteria as they relate to environmental and edaphic factors and highlight a newly discovered role for terrestrial comammox bacteria. Ecological interactions of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers are discussed, as are their respective contributions to N₂O emissions. Given these expanding perspectives of soil nitrification, we underline the importance of combining culture‐based methods with metagenomic approaches to help address remaining knowledge gaps.

中文翻译：

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将土壤硝化作用扩展到包括氨氧化古细菌和彗菌

土壤硝化受到多种系统发生性微生物的催化，影响着地下水质量，温室气体排放和农业实践。这篇综述探讨了涉及硝化作用的已知微生物，包括生物地理学，系统发育多样性，生理学和活性。我们讨论了氨氧化古细菌和细菌的分布和活动，因为它们与环境和水生因素有关，并着重指出了陆生comammox细菌的新发现作用。讨论了氨氧化剂和亚硝酸盐氧化剂的生态相互作用，以及它们各自对N _2的贡献O排放。考虑到土壤硝化的这些不断扩展的观点，我们强调了将基于文化的方法与宏基因组学方法相结合以帮助解决剩余知识空白的重要性。