We found functionally male individuals in an otherwise hermaphroditic population of Tulipa pumila (Liliaceae) located in Tuscany (central Italy). We investigated the sex ratio of this population, followed by morphometric analyses of the scape, leaves and flowers, and tests on pollen germinability and seed number and mass, in order to infer which sexual strategy produced the observed co‐occurrence of male and hermaphrodite individuals. We found that sex ratio deviated from 1:1, and functionally male individuals showed a smaller plant size and a reduced pollen fitness (germinability and siring ability) compared to hermaphrodites. These findings point to a resource‐dependent sexual allocation strategy, probably associated with gender diphasy.

中文翻译：

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Tulipa pumila Moench（百合科）的雄花可能起源于性别偏执

我们在位于托斯卡纳（意大利中部）的其他地方雌雄同体的郁金香（Pulella pumila）（百合科）中发现了功能正常的男性个体。我们调查了该种群的性别比，然后对花，树叶和花朵进行了形态计量分析，并对花粉的可生性以及种子数量和质量进行了测试，以推断哪种性别策略产生了男性和雌雄同体个体的共生现象。 。我们发现性别比与雌雄同体比偏离了1：1，并且在功能上男性个体显示出更小的植物尺寸和更低的花粉适应度（发芽性和生养能力）。这些发现指出了一种资源依赖型的性别分配策略，可能与性别偏执有关。