Anthelmintic resistance (AR) against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of sheep and goats is a global concern. To address the problem, this study assessed the status of AR in different government and private sheep and goat farms in Bangladesh. We conducted fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and Egg hatch assay (EHA) experiments. For the detection of resistant larvae, pooled fecal samples from treated and non-treated groups were subjected to coproculture. Furthermore, 195 adult Haemonchus parasites were genotyped to ascertain benzimidazole (BZ) resistance allele from seven topographic zones of Bangladesh using allele specific PCR (AS-PCR). In FECRT, the percentage reduction along with 95% confidence intervals indicated that GINs were resistant to albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LEV) and ivermectin (IVM). Coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were resistant to anthelmintics. ABZ resistance was also confirmed by in vitro EHA in all the farms except the private goat farm in Mymensingh. The genotype frequencies were 6% for homozygous resistant (rr), 59% for heterozygous (rS) and 35% for homozygous susceptible (SS) among different topographic zones. The allelic frequency of the mutation conferring resistance (r) ranged from 25% to 47% signifying resistance to BZ in nematodes of sheep/goats. The genotype frequencies (rr, rS and SS) and allelic frequencies (r and S) varied significantly (p˂0.05) in different zones in Bangladesh. Overall, the data suggest an alarming condition created by multiple AR in Bangladesh.

对绵羊和山羊的胃肠道线虫（GIN）的驱虫抗性（AR）是全球关注的问题。为了解决该问题，本研究评估了孟加拉国不同政府和私有绵羊和山羊农场中AR的状况。我们进行了粪便卵数减少试验（FECRT）和卵孵化试验（EHA）实验。为了检测抗药性幼虫，将来自处理组和未处理组的合并粪便样品进行共培养。此外，还有195个成年的Haemonchus使用等位基因特异性PCR（AS-PCR）对寄生虫进行基因分型，以确定来自孟加拉国七个地形区的苯并咪唑（BZ）抗性等位基因。在FECRT中，百分比降低以及95％的置信区间表明GIN对阿苯达唑（ABZ），左旋咪唑（LEV）和伊维菌素（IVM）具有抗性。Coproculture透露，血矛线虫属，食道口线虫属。和Trichostrongylus spp。对驱虫药有抵抗力。体外也证实了ABZ耐药性除Mymensingh的私人山羊养殖场外，所有养殖场均进行EHA。在不同地形区之间，纯合子抗性（rr）的基因型频率为6％，杂合子（rS）的基因型频率为59％，纯合子易感性（SS）的基因型频率为35％。在绵羊/山羊线虫中，赋予抗性（r）的突变的等位基因频率范围为25％至47％，表示对BZ的抗性。孟加拉国不同地区的基因型频率（rr，rS和SS）和等位基因频率（r和S）差异显着（p˂0.05）。总体而言，数据表明孟加拉国多个AR造成了令人震惊的状况。