Oscillations of neural excitability shape sensory, motor or cognitive processes. Furthermore, a large body of research demonstrates that intrinsic oscillations are entrained by external rhythms, allowing a simple and efficient way to enhance human brain functions. As an external stimulation source, repeating acoustic stimuli have been shown to provide a possible pacing signal for modulating the electrical activity recorded by the electroencephalogram (EEG). In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding how rhythmic auditory stimulation can selectively modulate EEG oscillations. Despite growing evidence, recent evidence suggests that standard methods of data analysis are often insufficient for a definite proof of entrainment in some instances. In particular, we stressed that the complexity of the elicited modulations, often varying in phase and frequency on a short timescale, requires time-frequency measures that are better appropriate to analyze driven brain phenomena. Once entrainment is clearly established, one can assess the specificity of its expression, thus providing a better understanding of the physiology underlying brain modulation and a faster translation to treatment programs in various psychopathologic conditions.

中文翻译：

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大脑振荡与听觉刺激的夹带和同步

神经兴奋性的振荡塑造感觉、运动或认知过程。此外，大量研究表明，内在振荡受外部节律的影响，从而提供了一种简单有效的方法来增强人类大脑的功能。作为外部刺激源，重复的声刺激已被证明可以提供可能的起搏信号，用于调节由脑电图 (EEG) 记录的电活动。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了在理解有节奏的听觉刺激如何选择性地调节 EEG 振荡方面的最新进展。尽管有越来越多的证据，但最近的证据表明，在某些情况下，标准的数据分析方法通常不足以确定夹带的证据。我们特别强调了引发调制的复杂性，通常在短时间内相位和频率会发生变化，因此需要更适合分析驱动大脑现象的时频测量。一旦明确建立夹带，就可以评估其表达的特异性，从而更好地了解大脑调制的生理学，并更快地转化为各种精神病理学条件下的治疗方案。