The study of past environments, their ecology, and detailed changes through time has become an important task of environmental science. Records of paleoenvironment usually vary between regions owing to different influences of local climate, vegetation, relief, and depositional processes. Therefore, studying local sequences thoroughly allows paleoenvironmental and paleoecological reconstructions for particular regions, but it also provides important data that complement the global record. The Żarska Cave is an exceptional site, which owing to its thick and undisturbed Holocene sediments with very rich paleobotanical and paleozoological materials has become the most complete example of the uppermost Upper Pleistocene and Holocene cave deposits in the Polish uplands. The aim of our study was to understand paleoenvironmental changes in southern Poland, from the late Glacial to the late Holocene, which has been targeted by use of a detailed geological analysis accompanied by analysis of a wide range of paleobotanical, paleozoological, and archeological assemblages. All the results obtained have permitted characterization of the paleoenvironmental changes occurring in the area of the Polish Jura during the last >15 ka years. A particularly well-represented sequence covers the Allerød interstadial, which revealed the presence of forests with associated shade-loving mollusks and rodents. The beginning of the Holocene was clearly identified with an increase of shaded forest habitats, which developed in a still relatively cold climate with continental features, and with the first appearance of mesophilous deciduous trees. During the middle Holocene, unusual evidence for maple forests is documented, which developed before the formation of beech forests, typical for the late Holocene. The obtained sequence has great significance not only for the Polish Jura region, but also has wider implications for southern Poland and the vast area of the northern Carpathian foreland.

中文翻译：

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喀尔巴阡山脉北部前陆晚期冰川和全新世古生态学和古环境变化：Żarska 洞穴（波兰南部）案例研究

研究过去的环境、它们的生态以及随时间的详细变化已成为环境科学的一项重要任务。由于当地气候、植被、地形和沉积过程的不同影响，古环境记录通常因地区而异。因此，彻底研究局部序列可以对特定区域进行古环境和古生态重建，但它也提供了补充全球记录的重要数据。Żarska 洞穴是一个特殊的地点，由于其厚且未受干扰的全新世沉积物以及非常丰富的古植物和古动物材料已成为波兰高地最上层更新世和全新世洞穴沉积物的最完整例子。我们研究的目的是了解波兰南部的古环境变化，从晚冰期到晚全新世，通过详细的地质分析以及对范围广泛的古植物、古动物和考古组合的分析，将其作为目标。获得的所有结果都允许描述过去 15 ka 年来发生在波兰侏罗地区的古环境变化。一个特别有代表性的序列涵盖了 Allerød interstadial，它揭示了森林的存在以及相关的喜阴软体动物和啮齿动物。全新世的开始被清楚地确定为遮荫森林栖息地的增加，这些栖息地在具有大陆特征的仍然相对寒冷的气候中发展，并且首次出现中温落叶乔木。在全新世中期，记录了枫树林的不寻常证据，它在山毛榉森林形成之前发育，典型的晚全新世。获得的序列不仅对波兰汝拉地区具有重要意义，而且对波兰南部和喀尔巴阡山脉北部广阔地区具有更广泛的意义。