Neuronal dendrites are highly branched and specialized compartments with distinct structures and secretory organelles (e.g., spines, Golgi outposts), and a unique cytoskeletal organization that includes microtubules of mixed polarity. Dendritic membranes are enriched with proteins, which specialize in the formation and function of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuronal synapse. How these proteins partition preferentially in dendrites, and how they traffic in a manner that is spatiotemporally accurate and regulated by synaptic activity are long-standing questions of neuronal cell biology. Recent studies have shed new insights into the spatial control of dendritic membrane traffic, revealing new classes of proteins (e.g., septins) and cytoskeleton-based mechanisms with dendrite-specific functions. Here, we review these advances by revisiting the fundamental mechanisms that control membrane traffic at the levels of protein sorting and motor-driven transport on microtubules and actin filaments. Overall, dendrites possess unique mechanisms for the spatial control of membrane traffic, which might have specialized and co-evolved with their highly arborized morphology.

中文翻译：

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神经元树突中膜运输的空间控制。

神经元树突是高度分支和专门化的区室，具有不同的结构和分泌的细胞器（例如，脊柱，高尔基前哨），以及包括混合极性微管的独特细胞骨架组织。树突状膜富含蛋白质，这些蛋白质专门研究神经元突触的突触后膜的形成和功能。这些蛋白质如何在树突中优先分配，以及它们如何以时空精确和突触活性调节的方式运输是神经元细胞生物学的长期存在的问题。最近的研究为树突状膜运输的空间控制提供了新的见识，揭示了新型蛋白质（例如Septins）和具有树突特异性功能的基于细胞骨架的机制。这里，我们通过重新研究在微管和肌动蛋白丝上进行蛋白质分选和电机驱动运输的水平来控制膜运输的基本机制来回顾这些进展。总体而言，树突具有用于膜运输的空间控制的独特机制，这些机制可能已经专门化并且与它们的高度树状形态共同发展。